Analysis Of Washington s Farewell Address - 1656 Words

An Analysis of Washington’s Farewell Address in the Face of the Modern Era George Washington’s farewell address, published just prior to his retirement from the presidency in the fall of 1796, has long been esteemed as one of the most crucial documents for the original establishment of American policy in many areas. From setting a precedent for American neutrality during international wars to promoting the stewardship of public credit, Washington’s address has had a great influence on the paths that America has taken over past centuries and the decisions that its leaders have made throughout history. This is largely because most parts of Washington’s advice have been heeded to at least some degree, and they haven t yet been labeled completely as â€Å"archaic† or â€Å"irrelevant† for fixing problems faced in the modern era. However, this is beginning to change as a new generation arises, one that faces a different realm of social, political, economical and spiritual issues, many of which didn t exist for previous generati ons. As this generation has arisen, there are several parts of Washington s address and of the Founding Fathers ideals that it has not heeded. These ideals include the idea of the dangers of political parties, the importance of religion and morality to a republican society, and the dangers of long-term political alliances. In his address, the first president made one of his most famous statements about political parties, saying that they â€Å"[serve] always toShow MoreRelatedWashington s Farewell Address Analysis1375 Words   |  6 Pages Washington’s Farewell Address Analysis Jennifer Trammell GOVT 200 – C04 Instructor Barber Opening statement Washington’s Farewell Address The major document we will be analyzing in this paper is George Washington’s â€Å"Farewell Address†. This was a very important document of its time and in order to analyze it fully it would be helpful to know a little more insight on the writing of and the reason it was written. Who is George Washington? George Washington was born in 1732, he grew upRead MoreWashington s Farewell Address Analysis976 Words   |  4 PagesWashington’s Farewell Address On September 19, 1796, first President of the United States of America - George Washington - wrote a letter commonly known as Farewell Address, which was published in a Philadelphia’s newspaper called American Daily Advertiser for every citizen to read it – nine years after the signing of the Constitution. This open letter was actually drafted and prepared in 1792, when Washington was planning to retire after working a single term in office; but after his Secretary ofRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address954 Words   |  4 PagesThe document, George Washington, Farewell Address, was a letter written to the citizens of the United States of America. It allowed outgoing President Washington to give advice on how to maintain the nation after he was gone. He advised our politicians to act in good faith towards all nations and to make an effort to keep peace with other countries. He cautioned to remain connected to God, maintain high moral principles an d to set a good example, one that is guided by a sense of justice and kindnessRead MoreAnalysis Of George Washington s Farewell Address1009 Words   |  5 PagesProblem: In 1789 George Washington’s Farewell Address contained one major piece of advice to the county regarding relations with other nations: â€Å"avoid entangling alliances.† Those words shaped United States foreign policy for more than a century (Policy Making, American Government). Today some Americans think that Washington’s words are still wise ones, and that the United States (U.S.) should withdraw from world affairs whenever possible. In truth, however, the United States has been embroiledRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1258 Words   |  6 PagesChase Williams US History to 1865 Dr. Lisa Crutchfield October 14, 2015 George Washington s Farewell Address, Primary Source Analysis George Washington’s Presidential Farewell Address consisted of three critical elements that were considered vital for the functional survival of the country that had just won its independence. On September 19, 1796, President Washington advised the nation to stand together as one united country, warned the people about the dangers of political parties and heRead MoreGeorge Washington s Farewell Address Essay1884 Words   |  8 Pagesthat George Washington gave his â€Å"Farewell Address.† This profoundly important message is still read each year in the Senate. On September 19, 1796, US President George Washington published his Farewell Address to the nation of citizens. It was a thoroughly thoughtful analysis of our new nation, its needs for the future and his plans to decline to seek a third term as president. It was not delivered as a speech, but rather published in many newspapers and public venues. George Washington announcedRead MoreRhetorical Analysis: Rhetorical Analysis:1723 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Rhetorical Analysis: President Ronald Reagan s Farwell Address Rhetorical Analysis: Reagan s Farwell Address Ronald Reagan s Farewell Address was an amazing example of conveying the fundamentals for freedom through an emotional and visual lesson. It is no wonder that the president known as the great communicator was successful in painting for us a picture of who we were, past and present, and the improvements in the areas of strength, securityRead MoreEvaluating Historical Views of Leadership Essay1194 Words   |  5 Pageshigh ground is the most important weapon in breaking the will of the enemy (Stallard, 2013). Sun Tzu (1994) in his work, The Art of War, began his discussion with the value of the moral law (as cited in Stallard, 2013). George Washington (1796) stated in his farewell address as President that religion and morality are indispensable in supporting patriotism (as cited in Stallard, 2013). The guiding principle of military leadership is the respect for human dignity (Mann, 2000). Military leadershipRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Ronald Reagan s Farewell Address Essay1 767 Words   |  8 PagesFarewells and Fair-Warnings A Rhetorical Analysis of Ronald Reagan’s Farewell Address Introduction to Analysis On January 11, 1989, President Ronald Reagan sat at his desk in the Oval Office to address his nation for the final time. This rhetorical moment was not the first of its kind. Rather, the Farewell Address is a Presidential tradition, started by George Washington, that every president takes part in before leaving office. As a sort of â€Å"goodbye† to the nation, the President discusses the accomplishmentsRead More Analysis of Johnsons The Great Society Essay679 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Johnsons The Great Society The Great Society, a program created by president Johnson in the 1960s with the intent of social and economic stabilization, brought much reform to the American Government and its citizens. It is a continuation and expansion of the ideas expressed in Roosevelts New Deal with the intentions of not only providing greater welfare but also equality of all races in all aspects of society. Although there were many accomplishments by the program, it is

Society in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achedes Essays

Society in Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achedes The world in Chinua Achedes novel, Things Fall Apart, was a society in which males had control of everything, and the women had control of nothing. As wives, women were seen as property, rather than as partners to be loved and cherished. The men of the Ibo tribe usually married more than one wife because the more wives, yams, barns, and titles each Ibo man held, the more successful he was considered. These possessions determined a mans social status. An example of a man looking for social status in these ways was Nwakibie, who had three huge barns, nine wives and thirty children, and the highest but one title which a man could take in the clan(18). The men controlled the†¦show more content†¦However, he favored his daughter, Ezinma, the most out of all his children. If Ezinma had been a boy [he] would have been happier. (66) Okonkwo thought Ezinma had the right spirit(66) to be a man because she was strong and loyal. The society that Chinua Achebe described in his bo ok, Things Fall Apart, is also based on agriculture. The major crop the Ibo tribe grew was the yam, which was said to be the symbol of virility. The coco-yam, which was a smaller size and had a lesser value than other yams, was regarded as female. The yam also stood for manliness, and he who could feed his family on yams from one harvest to another is a very great man indeed (33). To produce a great harvest, the Ibo farmer would have needed a lot of help. The women ran most of the workforce by farming, tending animals, and raising the children so that they could help out on the farms. The yam demanded hard work and constant attention from cock-crow till the chickens went back to roost. The young tendrils were protected from the earth-heat with rings of sisal leaves. As the rains became heavier, the women planted maize, melons, and beans between the yam mounds. The yams were then staked, first with little sticks and later with tall big tree branches. The women weeded the farm three times at definite period in the life of the yams, neither early nor late (33). Here, the women can be compared to slaves because they did most of the work on the

Breaking Down The CompTIA Security+

Over the last decade or so, IT security has exploded as a field, both in terms of the complexity and breadth of the subject matter, and the opportunities available to security-focused IT professionals. Security has become an inherent part of everything in IT, from network management to web, application and database development. But even with the increased focus on security, there is still much work to be done in the field, and opportunities for security-minded IT professionals aren’t likely to decrease any time soon. The Importance of Certifications For those who are already in the IT security field, or are looking to enhance their career, there is a range of certifications and training options available for those who want to learn about IT security and demonstrate that knowledge to current and potential employers. However, a lot of the more advanced IT security certifications require a level of knowledge, experience, and commitment that might be outside of the range of many newer IT professionals. A good certification to demonstrate basic security knowledge is the CompTIA Security certification. Unlike other certifications, such as the CISSP  or the CISM, the Security doesn’t have any mandatory experience or prerequisites, though CompTIA does recommend that candidates have at least two years of experience with networking in general  and security in particular. CompTIA also suggests that Security candidates obtain the CompTIA Network certification, but they don’t require it. Even though the Security is more of an entry-level certification than others, it’s still a valuable certification in its own right. In fact, the Security is a mandated certification for the US Department of Defense  and is accredited by both the American National Standard Institute (ANSI) and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Another benefit of the Security is that it’s vendor-neutral, instead choosing to focus on security topics and technologies in general, without limiting its focus to any one vendor and their approach. Topics Covered by the Security Examination The Security is basically a generalist certification – meaning that it evaluates a candidate’s knowledge across a range of knowledge domains, as opposed to focusing on any one area of IT. So, instead of maintaining a focus on application security only, say, the questions on the Security will cover a broader range of topics, aligned according to the six primary knowledge domain defined by CompTIA (the percentages next to each indicate the representation of that domain on the exam): Network Security (21%)Compliance and operational security (18%)Threats and vulnerabilities (21%)Application, Data, and Host Security (16%)Access control and identity management (13%)Cryptography (11%) The exam provides questions from all of the domains above, although it is somewhat weighted to give more emphasis on some areas. For example, you can expect more questions on network security as opposed to cryptography, for example. That said, you shouldn’t necessarily focus your studying on any one area, especially if it leads you to exclude any of the others. A good, broad knowledge of all the domains listed above remains the best way to be prepared for the test. The Exam There is only one exam required to earn the Security certification. That exam (exam SY0-301) is comprised of 100 questions and is provided over a 90-minute period. The grading scale is from 100 to 900, with a passing score of 750, or roughly 83% (although that’s just an estimate  because the scale changes somewhat over time). Next Steps In addition to the Security, CompTIA offers a more advanced certification, the CompTIA Advanced Security Practitioner (CASP), providing a progressive certification path for those who want to continue their security career and studies. Like the Security, the CASP covers security knowledge across a number of knowledge domains, but the depth and complexity of the questions asked on the CASP exam exceed those of the Security.​ CompTIA also offers numerous certifications in other areas of IT as well, including networking, project management and systems administration. And, if security is your chosen field, you might consider other certifications such as the CISSP, CEH, or a vendor-based certification such as the Cisco CCNA Security  or Check Point Certified Security Administrator (CCSA), to extend and deepen your knowledge of security.

Accounting as a Career Option Admission/Application Essay

Essays on Accounting as a Career Option Admission/Application Essay The paper "Accounting as a Career Option" is an outstanding example of an application essay on finance and accounting. Reasons behind choosing AccountingAccording to the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants, accounting is explained as â€Å"The One Degree with 360 Degrees of Possibilities† (California State University). Accounting is chosen as the major subject because it is one of the basic tools that are required for the smooth operation of the business and hence one must know it in order to make a successful career in the corporate world. However, accounting as a subject can prepare an individual to become an entrepreneur, to work in public sector organizations, to teach in educational institutions and to turn out to be an important partner in a particular accounting firm. There are several types of job opportunities that the accountants are exposed to. Such opportunities can be classified into three major categories namely private accounting, public accounting, and not-for-profit or government accounting. In simple words, it can be said that accounting is chosen as it provide s enormous opportunities to make a successful career in several sectors and industries (California State University).Experiences and activities that have influencedThere is a number of experiences and activities that have influenced the decision-making process of choosing to account. From the school days, I have been observing that the calculation of prices is an important and integral activity in all the retail centers starting from big grocery outlets to small roadside shops. That observations gradually turned into the realization that there are two crucial concepts namely ‘profit’ and ‘loss’ which are the fundamental concepts that are to be followed while running any organization. However, accounting is much more than ‘profit’ and ‘loss’ and since one of the family members is strongly associated with the same field, I have witnessed the vastness of this subject. Furthermore, I have been attached to a family that runs a business. This has given me the opportunity of having an indirect but effective experience of understanding the usefulness and importance of accounting even in a small family business.Accounting as a career optionIf accounting to be considered as a serious career option then the beginning has to be from the school level so that core concepts can be understood and used properly. My plan for using the experiences and studies in achieving a successful career in accounting begins with setting the objective of becoming a partner or an employee in any CA (Chartered Accountant) firm. It is likely to provide initial opportunities for understanding the ‘accounting in practice’. In other words, the link between the accounting theories and the use of accounting in real business situations is expected to be properly understood by means of joining an accounting firm. After spending at least 5 years as a partner, the option of becoming an accounting consultant can be tried out. This objective can be attained by starting a new accounting firm and providing various finance and accounting related services to small and medium-sized organizations.

High School Speech Materialism and Money Free Essays

We Have become largely materialistic as a society. Nowadays the size of your income is the point that defines you and happiness is the latest Ipod. Now just take a moment to consider. We will write a custom essay sample on High School Speech Materialism and Money or any similar topic only for you Order Now What was it that made you happy as a toddler? Was it that you had the latest Pumpkin patch fashions? Or perhaps it was that your parent’s earnt more than your best friends parents? No it was simply the love and affection of your parents, a sense of achievement when you achieved something and the companionship of people your own age. You see, I think those toddlers are onto a good thing. I believe that we as the young people of New Zealand place far to much emphasis on the importance of money. If you think about it, all that money causes is bad things; Debt, relationship problems, and inter-class prejudice. Money has such a strong influence over our lives, so much so that it often causes relationship problems. Many couples have put relationship problems down to financial problems. Debt and lack of income place major financial stresses on people. As a result their relationships with friends and sexual partners suffer. This can often lead to domestic violence, alcoholism and abuse. Recently a survey was conducted by a New Zealand relationship service. This survey revealed that 41% of couples experiencing relationship problems blamed their financial issues. A representative from the National relationship service declared that the groups of people most susceptible to domestic violence were young couples experiencing relationship troubles. We’ve all seen the massive controversy in the media about Slumdog millionaire Actress, Rubina Ali’s father tries to sell her. If money were such a brilliant thing why it was the very reason for a father trying to sell his daughter? His very own flesh and blood? Breaking up a whole family. I believe that if we were to place less importance on money then many relationships would benefit greatly. Debt is a major intrusion into people’s everyday lives. Debt is becoming a far more predominant issue. This is because a lot of the younger generations are un educated about the consequences of using credit and eftpos cards. They are also unaware of how to keep their accounts under control. Debt has become more of an issue in recent years with the introduction of electronic devices. Credit cards now allow people to spend heir money in advance meanwhile they are charged large amounts of interest. Because they are unable to physically ‘spend their money people are often fooled into spending large amounts of money. This is essentially a loan. The credit companies then charge the customer high interest rates and by the time the customer pays-off this debt they have paid almost twice the amount for an item in orde r to use their money in advance. The amount of debt an average New Zealander racks up is increasing. Take for example, a survey carried out by the Reserve bank of New Zealand in 2001. This survey stated that the average amount of debt as a New Zealander had increased by 10% over the ten year period since 1991 This is a leading cause for depression and mental illness. I believe that if proper education about money was given and the use of technology with money was reduced then money would become less of an intrusion into our everyday lives. Money encourages discrimination and prejudice. Society is quite distinctly split into different ‘classes’. These ‘classes’ are majorly influenced by, Yes you guessed it, Money. Why should someone be any less of a person just because they have a smaller income than the next person? The universal declaration of human rights declares that each person is entitled to certain things. Sadly are unable to access such things as they have a small income. Many low income families find that they are frowned upon by the ‘Upper classes’. One such person, a student, was mocked and taunted by her peers as her family had to carry out a ‘paper run’ to help sustain their family. As ashamed as I am to say it I stood back and watched while such blatant discrimination was taking place right in front of me. This is just one example of inner-class prejudice. The government also shows prejudice towards different classes by providing subsidies for health care and other services. Families qualify for these benefits by being under a certain income. Often families with incomes just slightly above the qualification standard often struggle to pay for such services but receive no subsidy. To qualify for a community services card a family must have a combined income of less than seventy thousand dollars per annum. A family earning seventy two thousand dollars per annum had a child that became critically ill. Because their income was two thousand dollars higher than the requirement this family received no financial help from the government and as a result they are now in major debt. I believe that inter class prejudice would become less of an issue and the lifestyle of many people would improve if less emphasis were put on money. So as the young people of New Zealand we need to take a stand and make a difference! Lets stop our consumer society form being consumed! We need to realize how the influence of money affects our relationships, emotions and attitudes towards others. How to cite High School Speech Materialism and Money, Papers

Project Management for the Built Environment - Study Notes

Question: Describe about the Project Management for Construction the Built Environment. Answer: Project management practices in the construction and built environment sector Project Manager role and responsibility A project manager may not direct affect any activities of a project but he or she works to maintain the progress by ensuring coordination among team members and assuring completion of activities as required. To do this, the responsibilities that the Project manager in a construction project assumes include: Develop a preliminary business case and project initiation document Advise the management on selection and appointment of construction consultants Identify and organization roles and responsibilities of all team members Develop an execution plan and identify required contract obligations to include Create and execute risk management plan Establish and manage change control procedures(Hills, Fox, Skitmore, K.H., Fong, 2008) Benefit of employing a project manager When a project manager is employed on a construction and build environment project, there can be several benefits for the project including: As the project manager would be continuously keeping the focus on client requirements and would keep communicating progress with clients, the customer satisfaction would improve. As project manager would be using cost control measures while maintaining progress of the project, there would be less expenses and profitability would improve with the use of more cost efficient processes. Project manager would strive to eliminate any redundant and non-value adding practices thereby reducing wastage in time and thus, project would be fast in achievement of its objectives. Through effective governance and human resource activities practiced by project manager, coordination would be improved as well as staff would remain more motivated which would improve their productivity (Delnavaz, 2012) Project management Function Key project management functions in a construction and built environment project include time management, cost management, integration management, scope management, risk management, quality management, communications management, human resource management, and procurement management. All these functions are planned in advance by the project manager and he has to ensure that they are taken care of as per planed as well as controlled as required on the project . The project manager has to ensure that there are least variations from planned appraoch and in case there exist any, the conflicts or causes are resolved as fast as possible so that the deliverables of the project are not affected in any major way. Both integration between these different project management functions as well as control of each of them is the responsibility of thee project manager. Role of project managers in the construction and built environment sector Project stakeholders team Major stakeholders in a construction project include Project Manager, Top Management, Investors, Suppliers, Contractors and Site workers. The project manager manages stakeholders of the construction project by keeping them informed about the progress of the project, providing consultancy to the project management on managing projects, involve them in decision making based on different power levels they are on, and collaborate with them treating them as project partners encouraging their engagement and seeking commitment from them(Littau, et al., 2015). Project risk safety A project manage creates a risk management plan which involves activities like identification of risks, their root causes and categories of risks, identification of response strategy, evaluate risks on the basis of probability of occurrence and the impact of the same and managing risks. Various risks that a project manager has to record and manage in a construction environment can be related to costs, time, quality, environment or safety Table 1: Construction and Build Environment Project Risks (Zou, Zhang, Wang, 2005) Risks Category Risks Cost disputes, price inflation, inaccurate cost estimation, scope variations adding cost Time Tight schedule, inadequate schedule, approval delays, Quality High expectations, low competency of contractors, lack of coordination Environment Pollution, safety laws governance procedures, insufficient site information Safety Unskilled labour, excessive approval procedures, accidents, unsuitable planning Constraints and limitation On a construction project, a project manager may face certain constraints and limitations affected by budget, legalities, environment, technicalities, and social aspects. Economic Constraints: If the budget allotted is low then the project manager may have to compromise in the construction methods and equipments that may not be at par with the requirements of the project goal. For instance, in case the building has certain target of achieving sustainability, with low budget sustainable construction methods may not remain economic feasible for use. With economic constraints, a project manager has to make trade-offs between products, performance, functions, and quality of work. Legal Constraints: Legal constraints can be posed by safety regulations and work related laws. For instance, a person working over heights as per law is required to be provided with Protective Equipments for which the project manager has to make provisions in terms of availability of equipments, assurance of usage, recording of usage and communication about the same going as report to the government officials. Similarly, law may require the project manager to follow certain administrative procedure that could not be avoided even when they consume time and other resources that project manager may not be willing to compromise normally. Environmental Constraints: The public regulations and concerns demand a construction project to be managed in a way that it allows for air protection, noise control, tree preservation and addressing of other environmental concerns. For this, the project manager has to ensure that appropriate procedure are being followed and specific approvals are taken in order to proceed with construction activities. This may require construction of temporary structures that would ensure public safety, planting of new trees in nearby areas, and so on. Technical Constraints: The construction site itself can presented some technical complications like limitations of storagespace, restrictions in transportations, and other requirements that are to be outsourced such as ventilation, electrical works, telephoning system, plumbing, fire services and so on which would add the contracting and sub-contracting burden on the project manager. Social Constraints: This could include the constraints of working environment that may be affected by social norms and concerns. For instance, a construction may not work in rural areas, potential residents may want builders to follow "Feng Shui' principles while making layouts and so on. Thus, a project manager would be required to assess the social aspects of a construction project to ensure that difficulties do not arise at later stages on the project(Lau Kong, 2005). Project management model In this construction project, the PMI Model described in the PMBOK methodology could be used in which the project would be managed as per the five process groups including initiating, planning, executing, controlling, and closing. In the initiation stage, project manager would gather all the stakeholder requirements and would formulate a project management initiation document. A discussion then follows with the team in which details of the requirements would be used for identifying various activities required to be completed on the project using which a project management plan is prepared. Then, the plan is executed by the project manager upon assigning roles and responsibilities to all team members and at the same time, the project manager has to ensure that all activities are performed in a controlled environment as per schedule and within budget. Once all deliverables are met, a formal project closure process is followed and a project sign off is taken from the sponsor by the project manager marketing the completion. Effective project managers - key characteristics Approach to achieving goals Key characteristics of project managers that help project managers achieve goals include: They have a skill to develop foresights on how every activity can affect budget, deadlines and quality of construction project They are organised in their approach which makes them understand the big pictures and set priorities of goals and tasks They focus more on the work at hand and the available resources and are not too analytical but more of pragmatists Effective project managers achieve their goals by following certain approaches including: Project managers start their day with setting up of priorities for each tasks to be performed in a day They identify times when they perform at their best and accordingly develop priorities for tasks with varied levels of complications Business strategies are used as guide for taking decisions Project Manager education, training and occupational standards Engineering Industry Standing Conferences has introduced National Occupation Standards for Project management in 1996 and the same were approved by Regulatory Authorities in August 2002. The standard included qualification structures, assessment strategies, and skill indicators. 5 key components of units of competence were identified in the standard including: Context of a project management unit Listing of unpinning knowledge Statements of competent performance Listing of Scope Specific knowledge requirements A project manager is required to have the knowledge about general principles and project processes, idea generation, idea evaluation, legislative frameworks, regulatory frameworks, project specifications, communication techniques and presentation techniques. With this understanding, the manager must have the skills to be able to: Identify project stakeholders and how they could influence a project Identify needs and understand responsibilities of stakeholders Review the project scope Define project objectives considering input and sources requirements Identify as well as quantify the project benefits Keep stakeholders involved on project as per agreed terms (Shannon, Dodd, Feest, Watson, 2003) Features of the five project management processes Some features of 5 key project management processes are explained below: Time management: This involves development of schedule plan, including defining of specific activities required to be done on a project, developing of the sequence in which they would be followed, estimation of required resources and time durations for each of the activities, development and control of the developed schedules. Cost management: This involved cost management plan development, estimation of costs that would be incurred on project, determination of whole project budget, and establishing of measures to control costs. Integration management: This involves development of a project charter containing necessary information for the board to approve the project, development of project management plan, direct, manage, monitor and control the work requirements of the project, perform change control and close project in a formalized manner. Scope management: Scope management involves collection of project requirements, development of scope, building of schedule outlining specific work requirements, validation of the elements of scope through identification metrics that could later be used for assessment of performance and scope control by ensuring all goals are met as well as scope is not exceeded. Risk management: This included planning for risk management, identification of risks, qualitative and quantitative risk analysis, planning the responses in the cases of occurrence of these risks, monitoring and controlling of these risks. Duties and responsibilities of contractor's project managers Key functions of contractor's project manager include: Forecasting: A project manager should understand the implications of current decisions on future performance of an organisation and be able to quantify the same in terms of monetary gains and losses as well as in terms of variations in schedules, quality and other project parameters. Planning: Manager identifies all components and parts of the project in detail including its requirements for manpower, finance, materials, plants, and more such that a plan can be made to acquire required resources and performed activities required to achieve project goals. Organizing: Project manage must be able to identify all resources required by the project and organize them across the contract period as per the contractual needs Controlling: Project manager must employ a qualified document controller for controlling all contract related documents(Atout, 2008). Coordinating: The project manager has to ensure a coordination between all project teams and resources to ensure that all collective goals of the project are met within desired constraints and limitations. Communicating: The project progress has to be recorded and communicated to the stakeholders at decided intervals with appropriate information necessary for making assessments and taking decisions. The manager also has to communicate decisions to the teams and encourage to adopt the required changes to be able to achieve objectives of a project. Comparison of contractual implications of using external consultants or internal teams - Hong Kong Contractual implications that can be caused by certain challenges in the internal and external teams include: Internal team implications External team implications Lack of skills in project manager Unavailability of project managers Lack of skills in the internal staff Lack of coordination among staff Lack of sufficient budget Lack of sufficient time to complete project as per the requirements Occurrence of major risks that were not considered at the time of planning leading to delays in furnishing responses Lack of commitment and cooperation from sponsor or top management of the organization Supplier may not be equipped to make quality deliveries Delays from suppliers causing delays in construction Inability to get sub-contractors for some work Lack of coordination between contractor and sub-contractors Lack of understanding of stakeholder requirements by contractors Dispute related to deliveries or payment matters between contractor and client Relationship of project managers with the design and production teams Project manager can assist the design and production team by performing following functions: PM can ensure that all the requirements needed by design team for forming designs are received from the client PM ensures that the design developed by the team is approved by the stakeholder before a project begins The communication between the design team and the production team is managed by PM The feasibility of the production is taken care of while making designs by providing necessary inputs to design team by taking the same from production team Attributes, knowledge and skills required for a project manager Attributes Knowledge Skills Visionary Project management methodologies Ability to develop a foresight on project outcomes Organized in professional approach Stakeholder requirements Communication skills Reliable as a person understanding responsibilities Project management tools Coordination and team management skills Action oriented to ensure things are kept on track Quality standards in construction Ability to motivate teams Experienced and knowledgeable about project management practices in construction Construction processes Ability to assess project stakeholder requirements Highly skilled in communication Project tracking tools Ability to understand and respond to stakeholders concerns Client Role Client has specific role to play in a construction project and that includes (Olander, 2007): Taking responsibility for project execution from start to finish of the project Approving all contractors involved on the project after proper assessment Ensure that all the needs of the users of a building are met Ensure that all permissions required for building construction are met before starting the project Client can also a sponsor for the project. Advantages of using project management for client Advantages of using project management practices for a client are: Project can be completed faster with much organized and streamlined processes that are scheduled well Client can achieve some cost savings with the improved coordination and speed of the construction project. Quality of the finished construction would be better as the process would involve careful evaluation of skills and capacities of contractors Various aspects like safety and communication that otherwise may go ignored would be well taken care of leading to less of conflicts and complications arising on project. Improvements in quality and standards The project management when used in the construction projects, the quality standards are made mandatory to use and are reflected in the project documentations and thus, there is an improvement in the practice of standards. Moreover, the project management practice also ensures that all quality standards are met on the project at the time of its assessment before it can be approved by the project sponsor as completed. Not just that, even at the time of initiation, the quality considerations and expectations are well recorded and monitored throughout the project life cycle to ensure that they are met as per the plan. Revised project execution plan Project plan is revised based on the contractual challenges and skill requirements of the project team. priorities of the construction and built environment sector In the construction and built environment, there are certain priorities that are required to be addressed by the project manager and these include: Development of a sustainable design that renders benefits to environment or harms it least(Sexton, 2011) The outcome of the project must remain profitable for the sponsors The building must achieve all the stakeholder needs as documented on the project management plan including requirements of space, facilities and comfort needs (Clough, 1972). best practice in project management to develop KPIs Best practices of KPI development in construction industry include: People Management KPIs: Metrics are developed for measuring employee satisfaction, staff turnover, working hours, sickness absence and so on. Environment KPIs: Environment specific KPIs include energy usage, water usage, wastage production, commercial vehicles movements, habitat retention and product life cycle performance. Quality KPIs: These would include measurements of client satisfaction, resident satisfaction, defects at the time of project handover, and defects found during inspections. Deliverables KPIs: This category of KPIs include construction costs, predictability costs, reparing costs, rent loss costs, construction time, and repair time(Print, 2003). Value addition by Project Manager Project manager adds value to the construction project by (Bonnal, 2012): Bringing coordination among all the internal and external team members Ensure that the project is delivered within the schedule and within budget Save on costs by avoiding unnecessary expenses on project Ensure that all stakeholder needs are fulfilled by keeping a continuous communication with them Ensure that all project risks are resolved before any significant impact is being made on the project. Revised project execution plan Project plan is revised based on the KPI requirements of the project team such that the same would be measured to understand the performance of the project project outcomes assessment The project is assessed on the basis of the following: Schedule delays and compromises Profitability Risks resolved Deliverables Stakeholder satisfaction level Resident satisfaction level Lessons learned Unresolved conflicts References Atout, M. (2008). The obligations of the Contractor's Project Manager in construction projects. UAESoE. Bonnal, P. (2012). Project Management.Construction Management and Economics, 30(3), pp.248-250. Clough, R. (1972).Construction project management. New York: Wiley-Interscience. DELNAVAZ, M. (2012). Project Managers Role in Sustainable Building Process. Gteborg, Sweden: CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY . Hills, M. J., Fox, P. W., Skitmore, M., K.H., C., Fong, P. S. (2008). The role of project managers in construction industry development. AACE International's 52nd Annual Meeting ICEC's 6th World Congress on Cost Engineering, Project Managment and Quantity Surveying (pp. 1-13). Toronto, Ontario, Canada: In Bridge, Carolyn. Lau, E., Kong, J. J. (2005). IDENTIFICATION OF CONSTRAINTS IN CONSTRUCTION PROJECTS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE . City University of Hong Kong . Littau, P., Dunovi, I. B., Pau, L.-F., Mancini, M., Dieguez, A. I., Medina-Lopez, C., et al. (2015). Managing Stakeholders in Megaprojects. 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