Direct Order Strategy

Methods of Development: Writing Routine, Good-News, and Goodwill Messages Most business communications can be prepared by following one of three patterns or methods of development: Direct Order, Indirect Order, or Persuasive Order. This lecture will discuss the direct order that is used for most routine, good-news and goodwill messages. Learning Objectives: ? To understand methods of development for writing routine business messages. ? To recognize structure of presenting routine messages. ? To identify situations which require the routine method of development. Lecture Outline Planning Your MessageBasic Components of the Direct Message Strategy Examples of Routine Messages Routine Request Main Idea Details Close Placing Orders Requesting Action and Information Making Claims and Requesting Adjustments Requesting References or Recommendations Routine Announcements, Replies and Positive Messages Issuing Informative Messages Requesting Information and Action Claims and Adjustments Recom mendations and References Announcements Goodwill Conclusion Planning Your Message Most business communications can be prepared by following one of three patterns or methods of development: Direct Order, Indirect Order, or Persuasive Order.When planning your message, you should analyze your audience and choose an organizational approach that will effectively communicate your main idea. Analyze the audience—ask yourself these important questions ? Who is the audience? ? What are their needs? ? What cultural differences exist? ? What do I want them to do? ? What tools will help persuade the audience? ? Would emotional or logical appeals be best? You should consider your audience’s demographics: age, gender, occupation, income, education, and other quantifiable characteristics.Also consider your audience’s psychographics: the psychological characteristics of a person such as personality, attitudes, and lifestyle. Satisfying audience needs is the most effective way t o motivate your audience. Because needs differ, people respond to messages differently Choose an organizational approach ? Use the direct approach when –Audience is objective –Audience prefers to hear the â€Å"bottom line† first –Message is long or complex –Corporate culture encourages directness ? Use the indirect approach when –Audience is negative –Audience won’t object to indirect approach -Message is short and clear Top Basic Components of the Direct Message Strategy Main idea: Because you will use the diamond arrangement, the opening paragraph should be short. It should express the main idea as a positive message with the single most important idea, concisely stated. It should be a clear idea of the focus of the letter or memo. This is what the reader wants to know and what you want the reader to know. In a memo or e-mail, you expand the subject line into a topic sentence. Remember, getting right to the point does not me an being abrupt or tactless.It’s important to use cordial statements such as please or I would appreciate. Details: Middle paragraphs will be longer because they contain all the necessary information, questions, justification or explanation. This should satisfy the reader’s informational needs. Give all details necessary to support the main idea in your opening paragraph. Make sure this section is clear, complete and concise. Revise to eliminate repetition or wordiness. Positive close: The closing paragraph will be a short paragraph. It could summarize the main point, indicate what should happen next, and/or highlight reader benefit.It should have a positive tone and may include a call to action when you need the reader to respond with additional action. Make compliance easy such as including information about how you can be reached or how the reader is to respond. Why is the direct method of development appropriate for most business messages? Most business messages (m ore than 80%) are routine requests for information or action. They should be organized directly unless they involve sensitive issues. The everyday transactions of a business will be directed at an audience whose reaction will be positive or neutral. What are some examples of routine messages? Requesting information or action ? Placing orders ? Making straightforward claims See checklist p. 265 ? Complying with requests ? Granting claims and making adjustments ? Writing letters of recommendation See checklist p. 275-276 ? Goodwill messages See checklist pp. 280-281 Looking at the checklists, you will notice that all of these routine messages follow the basic direct order strategy: main idea, details, positive close. The content will vary depending on your purpose but because they are still routine messages to a positive or neutral audience, the direct approach is the easiest and fastest method of development.Let’s look at several examples. Top Examples of Routine Messages Rout ine Request Whenever you ask for something, you are making a request. A request is routine if it’s part of the normal course of business and you anticipate that your audience will want to comply. Like all routine messages, routine requests may be thought of as having three parts: an opening, a body, and a close. Using the direct approach, you place your main idea (a clear statement of the request) in the opening. You use the middle to give details and justify your request.Then you close by requesting specific action and concluding cordially. As you prepare your routine requests, keep in mind that despite their simple organization, they can still cause ill will through ambiguous wording or a discourteous tone. In fact, even the briefest note can create confusion and hard feelings. As with any business message, keep your purpose in mind. Ask yourself what you want readers to do or to understand as a result of reading your message. [pic] Begin routine requests by placing your re quest first—up front is where it stands out and gets the most attention.Of course, getting right to the point should not be interpreted as a license to be abrupt or tactless: Be specific. State precisely what you want. Pay attention to tone. Even though you expect a favorable response, the tone of your initial request is important. Instead of demanding action (â€Å"Send me your catalog no. 33A†), soften your request with words such as please and I would appreciate. Assume your audience will comply. An impatient demand for rapid service isn’t necessary. Generally, assume that your audience will comply with your request once the reason for it is clearly understood.Avoid beginning with personal introductions. Don’t be tempted to begin your request with a personal introduction such as â€Å"I am the senior corporate writer in the corporate relations department of ABC Company, and I am looking for information that . . . † Punctuate questions and polite requests differently. A polite request in question form requires no question mark (â€Å"Would you please help us determine whether Kate Kingsley is a suitable applicant for this position. †) A direct question within your message does require a question mark (â€Å"Did Kate Kingsley demonstrate an ability to work smoothly with clients? ) Top [pic] Use the middle section of your message to explain your initial request. Make the explanation a smooth and logical outgrowth of your opening remarks. You can use the middle section of your routine request to list a series of questions. Just keep a few basics in mind: Ask the most important questions first. If cost is your main concern, you might begin with a question such as â€Å"What is the cost for shipping the merchandise by air versus truck? † Then you may want to ask more specific but related questions about, say, the cost of shipping partial orders.Ask only relevant questions. So that your request can be handled quick ly, ask only questions central to your main request. If your questions require simple yes-or-no answers, you might provide readers with a form or with boxes to check. If you need more elaborate answers, pose open-ended questions. â€Å"How fast can you ship the merchandise? † is more likely to elicit the information you want than â€Å"Can you ship the merchandise? † Deal with only one topic per question. If you have an unusual or complex request, list the request and provide supporting details in a separate, short paragraph.Try using paragraph headings to make your reader’s job easier. Top [pic] Use the closing to request a specific action and to ask that readers respond by a specific and appropriate time (â€Å"Please send the figures by April 5 so that I can return first quarter results to you before the May 20 conference†). Help your reader respond easily by including your phone number, office hours, and other contact information. Conclude your messag e by expressing your goodwill and appreciation, but don’t thank the reader â€Å"in advance† for cooperating. If the reader’s reply warrants a word of thanks, send it after you’ve received the reply.The various types of routine requests are innumerable, from asking favors to requesting credit. However, many of the routine messages that you’ll be writing will likely fall into major categories: placing orders, requesting information and action, making claims and requesting adjustments, and requesting recommendations and references. Top Placing Orders Messages placing orders are considered some of the simplest types of routine messages. When placing an order, you need not excite your reader's interest; just state your needs clearly and directly.Most orders refer to a product that the reader knows about, so these messages are usually processed without objection. Most companies today are moving toward paperless ordering by using computer-generated order forms. Still, if you need to draft an order letter, follow the same format as you would on an order blank. Main Idea: Open with the general request. Details: In the middle, include specific information about the items you want. Present this information in column form, double-space between the items, and total the price at the end.Positive Close: In the close, be sure to specify the delivery address, since it may differ from the billing address. Also indicate how the merchandise is to be shipped: by air or ground, by a specific delivery services, and so on. Otherwise, the seller chooses the mode of transportation. Finally, in any letter including a payment, mention the amount enclosed, explain how the amount was calculated, and if necessary, explain to what account the amount should be charged. Top Requesting Action and Information When you need to know about something, to elicit an opinion from someone, or to suggest a simple action, you usually need only ask.If your reader can do what you want, such a straightforward request gets the job done with a minimum of fuss. In more complex situations, readers might be unwilling to respond unless they understand how the request benefits them, so be sure to include this information in your explanation. Internal: Requests to fellow employees are often oral and rather casual. However, as long as you avoid writing frequent, long, or unneeded messages, sending a clear, thoughtfully written memo or e-mail message can save time and questions by helping readers understand precisely what you want.External: Business writers often ask businesses, customers, or others outside their organization to provide information or to take some simple action: attend a meeting, return an information card, endorse a document, confirm an address, or supplement information on an order. Such requests are often in letter form, although some are sent via e-mail. These messages are usually short and simple. In more complex situations, readers might be unwilling to respond unless they understand how the request benefits them, so be sure to include benefit information in your explanation. Top Making Claims and Requesting AdjustmentsWhen you’re dissatisfied with a company’s product or service, you make a claim (a formal complaint) or request an adjustment (a claim settlement). Although a phone call or visit may solve the problem, a written claim letter is better because it documents your dissatisfaction. Moreover, even though your first reaction to a clumsy mistake or a defective product is likely to be anger or frustration, the person reading your letter probably had nothing to do with the problem. So a courteous, clear, concise explanation will impress your reader much more favorably than an abusive, angry letter.In most cases, and especially in your first letter, assume that a fair adjustment will be made, and follow the plan for direct requests. Begin with a straightforward statement of the problem. In the midd le section, give a complete, specific explanation of the details. Provide any information an adjuster would need to verify your complaint about faulty merchandise or unsatisfactory service. In your closing, politely request specific action or convey a sincere desire to find a solution. And don’t forget to suggest that the business relationship will continue if the problem is solved satisfactorily. Top Requesting References or RecommendationsIf you’re applying for a job and your potential employer asks for references, you may want to ask a personal or professional associate to write a letter of recommendation. Or, if you’re an employer considering whether to hire an applicant, you may want to write directly to the person the applicant named as a reference. Because requests for recommendations and references are routine, assume your reader will honor your request and organize your inquiry using the direct approach. Begin your message by clearly stating that you're applying for a position and that you want your reader to write a letter of recommendation.If you haven't had contact with the person for some time, use the opening to recall the nature of the relationship you had, the dates of association, and any special events that might bring a clear, favorable picture of you to mind. If you're applying for a job, a scholarship, or the like, include a copy of your resume to give the reader an idea of the direction your life has taken. If you don't have a resume, use the middle of your letter to include any information about yourself that the reader might use to support a recommendation, such as a description of related jobs you've held.Close your letter with an expression of appreciation and the full name and address of the person to whom the letter should be sent. When asking for an immediate recommendation, you should also mention the deadline. You'll make a response more likely if you enclose a stamped, preaddressed envelope. Top Routine Anno uncements, Replies and Positive Messages Like requests, routine announcements, replies, and positive messages have an opening, a body, and a close. Readers receiving these messages will generally be interested in what you have to say, so you’ll usually use the direct approach.Place your main idea (the positive reply or the good news) in the opening. Use the middle to explain all the relevant details, and close cordially, perhaps highlighting a benefit to your reader. Innumerable types of routine announcements, replies and positive messages are used in business every day. Most of these messages fall into six main categories: issuing informative messages, granting requests for information and action, granting claims and requests for adjustments, providing recommendations and references, announcing good news, and sending goodwill messages.Top [pic]Issuing Informative Messages [pic]Requesting Information and Action All companies send routine informative messages such as reminder notices and policy statements. When writing informative messages, use the beginning of the message to state the purpose (to inform) and briefly mention the nature of the information you are providing; use the body to provide the necessary details; and end with a courtesy close. Most informative communications are neutral. That is, they stimulate neither a positive or negative response from readers.Some informative messages, however, require additional care. Policy statements or procedural changes, for instance, may be good news for the company and employees (the company can save money which will provide additional resources and even raises for employees) but such benefits may not be obvious to employees. In instances where the reader may not initially view the information positively, use the body of the message to highlight the benefits from the readers’ perspective. Top If your answer to a request is yes or is straightforward information, the direct plan is appropriate.Your prompt, gracious, and thorough response will positively influence how people think about your company, its products, your department, and you. When you're answering requests and a potential sale is involved, you have three main goals: (1) to respond to the inquiry and answer all questions, (2) to leave your reader with a good impression of you and your firm, and (3) to encourage the future sale. Top [pic]Claims and Adjustments When your company is at fault and your response is positive, you must protect your company’s image and try to regain the customer’s goodwill by referring to company errors carefully.Explain your company’s efforts to do a good job, implying that the error was an unusual incident. When your customer is at fault, you can (1) refuse the claim and attempt to justify your refusal or (2) simply do what the customer asks. If you refuse the claim, you may lose your customer—as well as many of the customer's friends, who will hear only one si de of the dispute. Weigh the cost of the adjustment against the cost of losing future business from one or more customers. When a third party is at fault, you have three options: †¢ Simply honor the claim.You can satisfy your customer with the standard good-news letter and no additional explanation. †¢ Honor the claim, but explain you’re not at fault. This option corrects any impression that the damage was caused by your negligence. You can still write the standard good-news letter, but stress the explanation. †¢ Refer the claimant to the third party. When you suggest filing a claim with the firm that caused the defect or damage, you fail to satisfy the claimant’s needs. The exception is when you're trying to dissociate yourself from any legal responsibility for the damaged merchandise.In such a case, write a bad-news message. Top [pic]Recommendations and References When writing a letter of recommendation or reference, you want to convince readers that t he person being recommended has the characteristics necessary for the job or benefit being sought. Your letter must contain all the relevant details. Your audience will have trouble believing uninterrupted praise for someone's talents and accomplishments. So illustrate your general points with a specific example or two that point out the candidate's abilities.You have an obligation to refer to any shortcoming that is serious and related to job performance. If you must refer to a shortcoming, you can best protect yourself by sticking to the facts, avoiding value judgments, and placing your criticism in the context of a generally favorable recommendation You can also avoid trouble by asking yourself the following questions before mailing a recommendation letter: †¢ Does the person receiving this personal information have a legitimate right to it? †¢ Does all the information I’ve presented relate directly to the job/benefit being sought? Have I put the candidate's case as strongly and as honestly as I can? †¢ Have I avoided overstating the candidate's abilities or otherwise misleading the reader? †¢ Have I based my statements on firsthand knowledge and provable facts? Top [pic]Announcements To develop and maintain good relationships, companies recognize that it's good business to spread the word about positive developments, whether the company is opening new facilities, appointing a new executive, introducing new products or services, or sponsoring community events.Writing a letter to the successful job applicant is a pleasure. Such a letter is eagerly awaited, so the direct approach is appropriate. A company announcing a new discount program to customers would begin the letter by trumpeting the news. The middle section would fill in the details of the discount program, and the close would include a bit of resale information and a confident prediction of a profitable business relationship. However, when the audience for a good-news mess age is large and scattered, companies often communicate through the mass media.The specialized documents used to convey such information to the media are called news releases. Top [pic]Goodwill You can enhance your relationships with customers, colleagues, and other businesspeople by sending friendly, unexpected notes with no direct business purpose. To come across as sincere, avoid exaggeration and back up any compliments with specific points. One prime opportunity for sending goodwill messages is to congratulate someone for a significant business achievement—perhaps for being promoted or for attaining an important civic position.Other reasons for sending congratulations include the highlights in people's personal lives. It is important to recognize the contributions of employees, colleagues, suppliers, and other associates. Your praise does more than just make the person feel good; it encourages further excellence. Moreover, a message of appreciation may become an important part of someone's personnel file. So when you write a message of appreciation, try to specifically mention the person or people you want to praise. In times of serious trouble and deep sadness, written condolences and expressions of sympathy leave their mark.Begin condolences with a brief statement of sympathy, such as â€Å"I was deeply sorry to hear of your loss. † In the middle, mention the good qualities or the positive contributions made by the deceased. State what the person or business meant to you. In closing, you can offer your condolences and your best wishes. Top Conclusion You should write positive or neutral messages using the direct order method of development. By introducing the main idea in the first paragraph, the reader immediately understands the purpose.The body of the message should provide all the details the reader will need to understand or respond. The closing will be a positive statement, a call to action, or a statement of good will and will keep t he reader well disposed to you and your company. [pic] Sources: Bovee, Courtland L and John V. Thill. Business Communication Today. 6th edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2000. Guffey, Mary Ellen. Business Communication: Process and Product. 4th edition. Thomson—South-Western, 2003. ———————– Main Idea Details Positive Close

Henry Lawson Essay

Henry Lawson, conflicted and brilliant was hailed as one of the â€Å"greatest writers of Australia† during the Colonial Period. Famous for his authenticity and vivid realism, many historians have often noted that Lawson acted as a spokesman of sorts for Australians and is acclaimed as a landmark in Australian literature. From one of his many works stems the short poem entitled â€Å"Poverty† depicting the themes of poverty, penury and hypocrisy. Lawson attempts in two stanzas to capture the emotions of those who are under financial difficulties. He also touches upon several social issues of how people, specifically preachers and poets, often try to glorify and romanticize poverty as a virtue. He criticizes the hypocrisy of those who cite poverty as an asset, something to be thankful for and a building block of character when they themselves know nothing of the realities and actualities of being poor as it goes against all his personal notions and sentiments of poverty being the root of all evil –â€Å"the cause of half the crime, the cause of half the error! – The new mantra nowadays is how everybody is looking to lead a more â€Å"meaningful† life. Greed and avarice is now copious in nearly every social circle and it compels practically everyone to step back once in a while to ask: Is this worth it? Most often the temptation and thirst dominates the small seeds of doubt and it is on this note which is most similar to â€Å"Poverty†. World population has nearly tripled in the last 50 years alone and the intense pressure and the constant rat race to make more money [and lots of it] increases along with the competition. Despite the fact the many people hold the opinion that poverty is a curse, statistics and surveys on people with a lower quality of life has indicated quite the opposite. On the contrary, poorer people tend to be more at peace and contented with life. With none so many material possessions to blind them from the true essence of life, they are able to lead a humble existence and learn to enjoy small joys and little surprises, in exact accordance with the phrase: Money can’t do you everything. Throughout the ages, this world has changed and shifted until it has become the nearly unrecognizable haven it is today to nearly 6. 3 billion people, modifying and shaping societies and judgements along with it. Stronger and more dominant personalities may prevail over weaker minds but the essential truth remains the same. You are your own person with individual opinions. So the same principle applies to the question: â€Å"Is Poverty still relevant today? † This being a firmly subjective question, there is no real universal truth or answer for it. Only what you think.

Childhood and Adolescent Depression and the Risks of Suicide Essay

Introduction Problem and its Background   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the most common reasons for referral of children and adolescents to mental health professionals is suspected depression. There are continues debate as to whether childhood and adolescent depression are a reflection of normal variation in mood. It is reasonable for the primary care physician to view childhood depression as a constellation of factors that forms a syndrome. This constellation consists of a persistent mood disorder and dysfunctional behavior that intrudes and distorts the child’s day-to-day activities (Gottlieb & Williams, 1991 p.1). A firm denial gave way into a general and strong conviction about significance of depressive syndromes in childhood and adolescents, and of the implications throughout the life course. The realization of the problem occurrence made it possible for the therapeutic interventions and prevention programs to be developed and set up for depressive children, and to have these programs sponsored and evaluated on a scientific perspective. Various factors have facilitated the progression of this study concerning the recognition of childhood depression. Society is approached with enormous cost of untreated childhood depression later on in life (Corveleyn etal, 2005 p.165).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The concept of a depressive syndrome that is distinct from the broad class of childhood onset emotional disorders has been linked to incidence of suicidal rates worldwide. The condition of such incidence is becoming evidently alarming as the number of suicidal rate continue.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The treatment of such depressive states range from pharmacologic drugs up to psychological modifications and therapies, such as behavioral, peer and group focused groups, etc. With the serious nature of childhood / adolescent depression, it is crucial that treatments with known efficacy and more than transitory effects be provided promptly and skillfully (Maj & Sartorius, 2002 p.292). Scope and Limitations   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The treatment procedures and the condition of health care management for the case of childhood and adolescent depression are the primary subjects of the study. The concept on treatment procedure involves the pharmacologic, medical and psychological interventions that are absolutely necessary in the health care management of such condition. The study shall cover the discussion of depressive condition of the childhood and adolescent age group. Diagnostic procedures and issues shall be tackled in this research in order to portray possible conflicts and difficulties that occur in diagnosing the condition. The neurobiology of the depressive state shall be elaborated utilizing psychophysiology of the disorder, and linked to probable external physiological occurrences. Lastly, since the study focuses on therapy and medication as treatment modalities, the following methods and means of treatment shall be involved in the study. The following shall be the objectives of the over-all study. To be able to define, discuss and elaborate the conditions involved in the occurrence of depression in adolescent and childhood stages To be able to provide and tackle the treatment procedure as the center scope of study, accompanied by the issues, physiology and specific drugs involved in depression health care management. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cases of despondency and depression in children and adolescents were reported as early as the seventeenth century. Prior to the 1970s, however, little attention was paid to depression in youth (Hersen & Hasselt, 2001 p.243). The study on depression had been more inclined to adulthood depression and not on childhood and adolescence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression among children and adolescents is relatively common, enduring, and recurrent disorder that has an adverse impact on a youngster’s psychosocial development and in some cases is associated with self-destructive and life-threatening behaviors. Depressive disorders during childhood and adolescence may be more virulent and of longer duration than depressive disorders in adults. Depressive disorders during childhood are a risk factor for the development of additional psychological disturbances and for the development of depressive disorders later in life. The number of youths who are experiencing depressive disorders is increasing at the same time that the age of onset is decreasing (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.336).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depression can be conceptualized both as a dimension and as a category. Epidemiological studies suggest that juvenile depression is a continuum that is associated with problems at most levels of severity. According to Oregon Adolescent Depression Project, the level of psychosocial impairment increased as a direct function of the number of depressive symptoms. Moreover, in line with studies of adults, much of the morbidity associated with depression occurred in the â€Å"milder† but more numerous cases of minor depression. Such results suggest that even mild forms of adolescent depression are a risk factor for depression in early adulthood (Rutter & Taylor, 2002 p.463).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In recent years, increased attention has been given to evidence-based psychosocial and pharmacological interventions for depressed youth. The need to highlight what we know about treatment is underscored by the fact that most depressed youth do not receive treatment. However, as knowledge about treatments for youth depression has increased, the rate of treatment appears to have developed. Although depression among youth is treated more often, it is not clear that standard practice is effective at alleviating depressive symptoms or preventing recurrence. Moreover, there is a bias toward the utilization of pharmacologic drugs and extremely brief psychosocial interventions (Gotlib & Hammen, 2002 p.441). Diagnostic Issues involved in Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition, text revision groups mood disorders into two categories: depressive disorders and bipolar disorders. Both types of disorders are characterized by depressive episodes. For a diagnosis of depressive disorder, the child must be experiencing a mood disturbance for a period of at least 2 weeks, and the symptoms must be present more often than not. At least four of the following symptoms must be present during the same period (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.337): Significant, unintentional weight gain or loss Insomnia or hypersomnia Psychomotor retardation or agitation fatigue or loss or energy feelings of worthlessness or extreme guilt Diminished concentration pr ability to make decisions Recurring thoughts of death, suicidality, or suicide attempts In depressed preadolescents and adolescents, a lack of perceived personal competence was associated with depression; however, in adolescents, the more abstract concept of contingencies is also related to depression (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.338). Confusion sometimes arises in the childhood depression field, as it does with adult depression, because of different usages of the term â€Å"depression† and associated differences in methods of assessment. Moreover, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, which is the primary reference of psychiatric diagnosis, frequently changes. One example is in studies of childhood and adolescent depression, the term is variously used to identify depressed mood, a constellation of mood and other symptoms forming a syndrome, or a set of symptoms meeting official diagnostic criteria for depressive disorder. The usage of such term connotes various meaning, such as depression as a symptoms (lonely, fear impulses, guilt, etc.) and depression as a syndrome (comprises clusters of various signs and symptoms) (Mash & Barkley, 2003 p.336). Neurobiology of Childhood & Adolescent Depression   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Biologic studies in children are difficult to implement since they often require several blood draws, subjects remaining still more long periods of time, and the overall cooperation of the children and adolescents. Three types of investigation have provided information on possible developmental differences in the neurobiology of depression. The first is the study of Cortisol secretion, measured by investigations such as the dexamethasone suppression test (Rapoport, 2000 p.230).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies of neurotransmitters in depressed adults have focused on norepinephrine, serotonin, and acetylcholine. Serotonin regulation studied in adults with depression reported that in response to L-5hyroxytrytophan in 37 pre-pubertal depressed children secreted less Cortisol and more prolactin than age-matched and gender-matched normal controls, suggesting a deregulation of central serotonergic systems in childhood depression.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Abnormalities of the hypothalamic pituitary-thyroid axis and the hypothalamic pituitary-growth hormone axis have been reported in depression in adults. However, Cortisol hypersecretion, as measured by repeated samples over a 24-hour period or by nocturnal sampling, has not been identified in depressed children and adolescents although adolescent showed a Cortisol elevation at the approximate time of sleep onset (Coffey, 2006 p.266).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second type of developmentally informative investigation is the study of sleep. Polysomnographic studies of depressed children and adolescent have tended to demonstrate abnormalities of sleep, including shortened rapid eye movement (REM) latency and reduced slow wave sleep. These generally positive results of polysomnographic studies with children have shown few differences (Rapoport, 2000 p.231).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The third type of developmentally informative investigation is the study of growth hormone. A variety of pharmacological challenge agents that stimulate release of growth hormone have been studied in depressed adolescents and children. Interestingly, the results with adolescents have been negative in terms of slow blunted growth hormone response to provocative stimuli. However, some studies have reported high levels of growth hormone in adolescents with major depression. Moreover, pubertal children both during depressive episode and after recovery have demonstrated blunted growth hormone response to provocative stimuli (Rapoport, 2000 p.231). Psychopharmacology: Antidepressants (SSRIs)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Special considerations arise in treating children and adolescents with antidepressants. Empirical data on antidepressants in young patients are quite limited. Psychiatrists, faced with depriving children of potentially effective medication or prescribing medication or prescribing medications â€Å"Off Label,† need information on which to base treatment decisions, and efforts are underway to promote research in this area. Clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics and possibly pharmacodynamics between adults and younger patients can also complicate treatment. Moreover, younger patients may also be more sensitive to adverse effects of medications (Preskorn, 2004 p.356).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The antidepressant drugs are a heterogeneous group of compounds that, in adults, have bee found to be effective in the treatment of major depressive disorder. This particular pharmacologic intervention is also utilized in adolescent and children with major depression; although, there have been no studies that validate the appropriateness of such medications. The following are considered as the major treatment of adolescent depression, specifically Tricyclic Antidepressants and (SSRI) Selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (Rossenberg & Ryan, 1998 p.28).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) have long been the first-line antidepressants used by most clinicians for adults because of their established efficacy, safety, and ease of administration, but they have been less successful in the treatment of child and adolescent conditions. The mechanism by which TCAs are effective in the treatment of adult depression and other disorders has not been clearly established. There is, however, evidence that these agents affect monoamine neurotransmitter systems in the central; nervous system, such as serotonin and norepinephrine (Rossenberg & Ryan, 1998 p.28-29). The TCAs inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, potentiating their action. It has been suggested that antidepressants work by increasing noradrenergic and/or serotonergic transmission, compensating for a presumed deficiency. Controlled studies failed to demonstrate that TCAs are superior to placebo in the treatment of childhood and adolescent depression (Rossenberg & Ryan, 1998 p.28-29).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Since serotonin is also implicated in the etiology and maintenance of affective disorders, particularly depression; hence, the use selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRIs) is possible. SSRIs prevent the re-uptake of serotonin, which poses significant therapeutic value although has been shown to be less effective in therapeutic trials in children (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.384). The SSRIs are now first-line agents for treating child and adolescent depression. The newer antidepressants, such as bupropion and mirtazapine, do not have an adequate empirical base with children; however, they are sometimes used as second-line treatments for those youths who do not respond to SSRIs. Thus far, none of the SSRIs has produced irreversible damage in children and adolescents. However, as the SSRIs gained wide use with depressed adolescents, concerns emerged about the safety of this class of medications. Reports suggested that they were responsible for increased suicidal ideation and behavior among youths (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.384). In 2003, the British Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency   (MHRA) concluded that most of the SSRIs do not show benefits exceeding their risks of suicidal ideation, and thus should not be prescribed in the child and adolescent population (Mash & Barkley, 2006 p.384).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If the adolescent fails to respond to any SSRI, then switching to a different class of antidepressant is recommended. At present, no data support the use of one agent over another. Therefore, whether the clinician chooses a TCA, nefazodone, or venlafaxine should be based on clinical experience. Other factors to consider for a given adolescent are medication side effects, medical conditions, previous medication trials, comorbid psychiatric conditions, and familial history of a positive response to particular antidepressants (Esman, 1999 p.222). Other classes of antidepressants are fluoxetine, setraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, venlafaxine, bupropion, trazodone, and nefazadone. As major depression has a high recurrence rate, it is recommended that pharmacologic treatment continue for a minimum of six months achieving resolution of symptoms. Medication discontinuation should be accomplished gradually, with a slow, stepwise reduction in dosage over a two- or three-month period. The health care providers should carefully monitor the adolescent for withdrawal syndromes and reemergence of depressive symptoms (Esman, 1999 p.222). Relationship to Suicide Rates   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Suicidal thoughts and attempts are among the diagnostic criteria for major depression. Suicidal ideation is quite common, and has been reported in more than 60% of depressed preschoolers, preadolescents, and adolescents. Actual suicidal attempts also may occur, at rates that appear to be higher among depressed adolescents than among depressed adults (Mash & Barkley, 2003 p.336).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studies have shown consistently high rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders in depressed children and adolescents. The comorbidity rate in children and adolescents with depression has been reported to be 80% to 95%. The most common comorbid disorders in adolescents with depression are anxiety disorders, with rates ranging from 40% to 50%. Moreover, substance abuse frequently co-occurs with depression. Adolescents with major depression are at risk for impairment in school performance and interpersonal relationships, which may interfere with achievement of appropriate developmental tasks. Suicidal behavior is a common sequela. A 10-yar follow-up of depressed child and adolescent outpatients found that 4.4% committed suicide. Mood disorder, prior to suicide attempt, and substance abuse are major risk factors for adolescent suicide (Esman, 1999 p.216).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Depressed and suicidal children and adolescents are often not identified. Identification of children and adolescents who express suicidal ideation or suicidal acts is crucial since such symptoms are recurrent and strong predictors of youth suicide. Other risk factors for youth suicide behavior have been described including family, other environmental and biological factors. Notably, family history of suicidal behavior increases risk for youth suicide (Rapoport, 2000 p.231). Reference Coffey, E. C. (2006). Pediatric Neuropsychiatry. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Corveleyn etal, J. (2005). The Theory and Treatment of Depression: Towards a Dynamic Interactionism Model. Routledge. Esman, A. H. (1999). Adolescent Psychiatry: Developmental and Clinical Studies. Routledge. Gotlib, I., & Hammen, C. L. (2002). Handbook of Depression. Guilford Press. Gottlieb, M. I., & Williams, J. (1991). Developmental-behavioral Disorders: Selected Topics. Springer. Hersen, M., & Hasselt, V. B. (2001). Advanced Abnormal Psychology. Springer. Maj, M., & Sartorius, N. (2002). Depressive Disorders. John Wiley and Sons. Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2006). Child Psychopathology. Guilford Press. Mash, E. J., & Barkley, R. A. (2006). Treatment of Childhood Disorders. Guilford Press. Preskorn, S. (2004). Antidepressants: Past, Present, and Future. Springer. Rapoport, J. L. (2000). Childhood Onset of â€Å"Adult† Psychopathology: Clinical and Research Advances. American Psychiatric Pub., Inc. Rossenber, D., & Ryan, N. (1998). Pocket Guide for the Textbook of Pharmacotherapy for Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Disorders. Psychology Press. Rutter, M., & Taylor, E. A. (2002). Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Blackwell Publishing.

Global Warming Effects on Population Literature review

Global Warming Effects on Population - Literature review Example DeWeerdt gives a interesting international, almost post-colonial study of the effects of global warming. She divides her analysis into three distinct categories of areas that will impact human life the most signifincantly that are also the most vulnerable to climate change: Food, Disease and changes in sea level. It is somewhat superficially obvious that all of these things will be impacted by climate; sea levels will obviously rise as polar ice melts (DeWeerdt 2012), food production, which is obviously very climate dependent will have to shift, and disease will obviously increase with any serious shifts in population, as these often lead to unsanitary conditions.Her analysis is novel, however, in indicating the degree to which these changes will impact different parts of the world. DeWeerdt argues that development, which is usually meant in economic ways, can actually be considered a society’s degree of ability to adapt to climate changes (DeWeerdt, 2012). Places that have hi gh degrees of infrastructure, for instance, will be more able to cope with any of these changes. Firstly, they can establish things that directly mitigate the effects of climate: things like greenhouses to cope with cold weather or irrigation to cope with dryness. Secondly, they can use transportation infrastructure to cope with secondary effects of climate change as well, easily developing newly productive areas while abandoning areas that have become unproductive due to climate change. Undeveloped countries, however, will suffer more greatly: people cannot flee a newly formed desert, cannot build seawalls to hold back a rising tide, and so forth. Conceptualizing development as a society’s degree of ability to cope with climate allows one to see very clearly that the effects of climate change will disproportionately affect developing societies.Using DeWeerdt’s analysis indicates that one can actually conceptualize as climate change (including both its causes and effec ts) as a particular damaging form of pseudocolonial resource extraction. If one imagines a favorable climate as a resource, in that it provides a whole sleuth of production but can be depleted if not properly managed, then developed countries, which achieve their development largely through the highest use of fossil fuels (DeWeerdt 2012) are actually taking a valuable resource from developing countries every time they use fossil fuels. This is an especially damaging form of resource consumption because the people who get the resource depleted do not gain from the depletion, unlike mining, for instance, in which minerals can be sold. Climate can more be imagined as a river dammed outside of a country’s borders: they lose, and do not gain, while the other country gains but does not loose.

Learning Theories Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Learning Theories Paper - Essay Example he constructivist theory allows for a more dynamic role on the part of the learner by engaging him/her actively to analyze, conceptualize and synthesize the current objective in light of the previous knowledge by forming constructs. A constructivist classroom is a dynamic and ‘happening’ place where most of the learning process is carried out by the students themselves, with the teacher merely facilitating by putting forth queries that keep up a healthy classroom discussion. The teacher always makes the students recall any previous knowledge they might have, and shares the learning objective to be achieved. Student input is invited as to how the object might be achieved by following certain success criteria. The query put across to the class is ‘This is what we’ll learn today; how do you think we might go about learning it?’ Active participation from all members of the class, individually as well as in groups, enables the class to reach a conclusive construct regarding the learning objective at hand. Group formation not only instils the value of teamwork in the class, it also reinforces respect for a differentiated working environment having students belonging to various academic, social and cultural backgrounds. The teacher always bears in mind that individual student’s faith and background has a significant effect on the extent of their learning capability and subtly tries to maximize it. He encourages each student to give their response and ask questions, however insignificant they might seem, hence facilitating the emotional fulfilment of the class The constructivist theory impacts the students positively. Repeated application of constructivism enables the student to acquire knowledge that is multidimensional while transforming them into confident, original, responsible and creative individuals. The teacher looks out for misconceptions which are evident as a result of discussion and guides the students in the right direction of questioning. In

Exemplification - Stereotyping Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exemplification - Stereotyping - Essay Example This essay assesses the cognitive approach that classification is an important cognitive process that unavoidably leads to stereotyping in the media and gender. Adverts are created with a specific audience in mind. In spite of being designed to appeal the bigger majority in the target audience, there is no finance, resource or capability to market each unique person. Advertisers mostly exploit stereotypical types of genders with the aim of producing advertisements that have the biggest appeal. For instance, in the vast part of the United States, it is believed that men are more aggressive than women. With that mentality, men are mostly used in adverts with the intention of such adverts appealing to a bigger audience (Hawkins-Dady, 2012). It is therefore, important to distinguish between gender, sex and stereotype for research purposes. As a matter of fact, sex is the biological difference between males and females. For gender, it is the social, psychological and cultural characteristics of being a male or a female. In such a case, stereotype comes as a standardized image or conception of specific group of individuals or objects. For example, Bond and Desoto adverts show some exaggerated masculine. The men in the advert seem to be strong, tough and free. The coca cola adverts portray women as caring mothers, socially refined and serving housewives. Additionally, the Levi advert portray women as being sexually promiscuous. Also, the Hitachi telephone portray women as secretaries (Faust, 2013). Coming to the United States made me realize that women are today portrayed as being confident, independent and successful. Most adverts in the papers in United States portray the mentioned qualities, but beauty in women is still linked to being successful. Although, there is a move from this notion as noticed in one Dove advert. This advert seems to go against the norm which portrays women as thin model. The advert uses a fat woman in advertising the

Development and Promotion at North Atlantic Hospital Analysis Essay

Development and Promotion at North Atlantic Hospital Analysis - Essay Example Moreover, they were more interested to work for their own development rather than helping physicians or junior physicians to get promoted. So Dr. Harris studied the methodologies that were followed in other departments. Dr. Harris along with Dr. Cook surveyed various physicians and conference leaders, to take suggestions on conducting career conference in their department regularly. Several piece of advice and complaints came up, for which solutions were found and a proper framework of managing career conference for the Department of Anesthesiology was prepared. The career conference is valuable because it would analyze the performance of the department as a whole and help them to set goals for future. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Introduction 4 Question 1: Who should be the conference leaders? 5 Question 2: Would the meetings be uniform across all physicians? 6 Question 3: Once conference leaders were selected, how should they be paired with physicians? 7 Question 4: Should the conference discussions focus solely on physician development, or should they also consider issues of general performance and compensation? 9 Question 5: How would the department recognize conference leaders for their time and investment? 10 Conclusion 11 Reference 13 Appendices 14 Introduction Hospitals are institutions developed not only for the purpose of treatment but also for the personal career development of the clinicians and physicians. Similarly North Atlantic Hospital in Atlanta was also a medical college which was not only involved in treating patients but also in research and development programs for physicians, clinicians and educators. Dr. Elizabeth Harris became the chair person of the Anesthesiology department in the year 2009. This was among the biggest departments of North Atlantic Hospital. It was her job to ascertain the proper functioning of her department. Dr. Lesley Cook, the vice-chairman of the department assisted her in this task. Dr. Harris studied th e previous survey results to understand the fact that the doctors were not satisfied with their job because they were paid less for the work that they do. Moreover, there was no proper appraisal system prevailing within the department (Mondy 5). The seniors did not efficiently communicate with their subordinates. So there was a communication gap between the senior physicians and the assistant-physicians. This not only weakened the feedback process within the department but also deteriorated the quality of treatment. The department also lacked professionalism and they had no organizational goal or visions to lead them. Everyone was involved in promoting their own work rather than working towards the common goal of the department. In this scenario, Dr. Harris joined the hospital. It was very important to set things right because The North Atlantic Hospital had a very good reputation among the medical students and young researchers. They all aspired to join institutes of such status an d pursue their medical education and research. The department consists of mainly Clinicians also called physicians and Research Physicians. Clinicians- The investigators are physicians who spend 80 percent of their time in treating patients, investigating diseases and 20 percent of time in completing the administrative duties of the department. They also sometimes assisted the research physicians in research activities and co-authoring various books.

Factor effecting staff turnover in hsbc call centre(uk)and how it is Essay - 1

Factor effecting staff turnover in hsbc call centre(uk)and how it is effected & related with job satisfaction of employee - Essay Example To improve the competitive position, banks used cost-cutting weapons. They streamlined their processes, shifted back-office operations, boosted workforce productivity and tried to use as much as information technology as possible. Banks rate managing customer experience as the most important factor of success (Wisskirchen et al., 2006). Call centers are expected to give them this competitive edge. Call centers are the perfect embodiment of the ‘new’ service oriented economy (Moriset, 2004). Call centers use the latest technology and thus enable a day’s work to be done in an hour. These employees are often compared to the workers on the shop floor of a manufacturing unit. Call centers in any nation follow the same technique and have the same attributes. They usually have very flat management structures which provide very little scope for career advancement. Job satisfaction is call centers is very low which accounts for attrition and high turnover in the industry. There is a strong relationship between job satisfaction and staff turnover. If employees are satisfied and their needs are met, it can limit staff turnover. Job satisfaction has been defined as an attitudinal state which reflects all the affective feelings that a person has about the job, cite Biggs and Swailes (2006). This includes growth, pay, co-workers and supervisors that contribute towards satisfaction in varying degrees. The level of satisfaction differs across permanent workers and the agency workers. Many call centers appoint agency workers so that the parent employer does not have the responsibility of the staff. Permanent employees become de-motivated when their organization uses agency staff but agency workers are used to prevent layoffs and their commitment to organization is much lower than the permanent employees. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs suggests that the basic physiological needs have to be met first before a person can look ahead. Only when the basic needs are

Memo regarding gun violence and illegal use of narcotics Assignment

Memo regarding gun violence and illegal use of narcotics - Assignment Example However, their use should be solely after a doctor’s or professional pharmacist’s prescription. Nevertheless, many people tend to ignore this fact and go ahead to abuse these substances. The most common manner through which the abuse takes place is by taking these drugs in high dosages and, thus, altering their reception by the human body system. By modifying the reception, the brain fails to co-ordinate and function normally, and this leads to the users engaging in acts of violence. As in this case, the acts of violence often involve the purchase of firearms in an effort to settle old scores. In the normal and sober condition of these people, they may have had a misunderstanding with someone. The misunderstanding might have been negligible, but after the intoxication of the brain, all these emotions get heightened, thus resulting in the purchase of these weapons to commit acts of revenge or associated self-gratification tactics (Decker and Alarid 37). The other relation between gun violence and the illegal use of narcotics is concerning the economic environment. Over the last couple of years, the economy has been unstable with inflation hitting the market often. This has made it difficult for people that live under the poverty line and at times, even middle-income earners to survive these conditions. This leads to the indulgence in additional activities such as the sale of firearms in an effort to obtain additional money for the fulfillment of personal needs. For the addicts, these personal needs may even involve the purchase of more drugs. Another connection found between the illegal use of narcotics and gun violence is the systematic link (Decker and Alarid 47). Common to all countries in the world, the use of narcotics is a crime. This, therefore, makes it rather impossible for any peaceful drug business to take part legally. As widely perceived, any illegal activity is usually associated with violence. The narcotics environment is rather concealed

Investment Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Investment - Research Paper Example I am not a risk adverse person which implies I am willing to assume risk. The stock that I selected to purchased stocks was Advanced Cannabis Solutions (CANN). On February 4, 2015 I purchased $100,0000 on CANN stocks. Advanced Cannabis Solutions is a company dedicated to the rental of commercial space and equipment to companies dedicated to the regulated marijuana industry. The corporate headquarters of the firm are located in Denver, Colorado. The chief executive officer (CEO) of the firm is Robert Frichtel. The companys executives are reasonably paid in this early stage of development of the company. The salary of the CEO is $125,000 a year which is relatively low considering that most CEO of public companies in the United States make millions of dollars per year of compensation. The firm targeted service is to provide leasing space for players in the cannabis industry, but the firm also offers consulting services for its clients including agricultural expertise, logistics, and distribution. The firm is currently targeting its home state of Colorado. In 2014 marijuana sales were expected to reach $540 million. The national legal marijuana market is currently worth between $2-3 billion, but by t he year 2018 this market is expected to grow to $6 billion. The legal cannabis market is an emerging market that has the potential to grow exponentially as more states begin the legalization process of marijuana. Currently three states, Washington State, Colorado, and Alaska have legalized marijuana for both medical and recreational purposes. In these three states the consumption of recreational marijuana is going increase drastically as the drug continues to gain social acceptance. On February 23, 2015 Alaska became the third state to legalize marijuana consumption (Abcnews). Currently the legal marijuana market has only penetrated 6% of the U.S. States. Further penetration is expected and eventually once the Federal government approves weed then

What Is Critical Thinking Essay Example for Free

What Is Critical Thinking Essay Critical thinking to me means a way of thinking that helps us understand what has been observed or being observed. With being a critical thinker it allows us take charge of our minds and our thoughts. It’s also a way to help us to analyze, reasonable and reflective thoughts. Distinguishing from your willingness and your feelings are the awakening of oneself and should always be an experience for you in the realm of knowing that once the mission is complete you will then have acquired more knowledge for oneself. While reading, Elder, L. (2007, 09). The Ctitical Thinking community. Our Concept and Definition of Critical Thinking. Retrieved 09, 2007, from http://www.criticalthinking.org/pages/our-concept-and-definition-of-critical-thinking/411 it states that â€Å"Critical thinking is that mode of thinking — about any subject, content, or problem — in which the thinker improves the quality of his or her thinking by skillfully analyzing, assessing, and reconstructing it. Critical thinking is self-directed, self-disciplined, self-monitored, and self-corrective thinking. It presupposes assent to rigorous standards of excellence and mindful command of their use.† Just knowing that once you identify and evaluate the evidence it will then allow you to start the ability to apply logic and reasoning for the situation at hand. With having the ability of taking charge of your mind and thoughts defines to me what critical thinking really means. While continuing my research I noticed that there where so many different ways that Critical Thinking was mentioned. I found in Michael Scriven and Richard Paul. (2003). Defiing Critical Thinking. (http://www. criticalthinking.org/University/univclass/Defi ning.html, that its clear to me that in order to get down to the bottom of what is really Critical Thinking means is to take the word â€Å"Critical† which means â€Å"inclined to find fault or to judge with severity, often too readily or it means involving skillful judgment as to truth, merit, etc.†, Found on the dictionary.reference.com site. Then take the word â€Å"thinking† which means the action of using ones mind to produce thoughts or involving skillful judgment as to truth, merit and that’s found in the http://www.merriam-webster.com site. While taking the two words by themselves I came up with critical thinking is to making a judgment to find truth through formed thoughts and the ability to using logical reasons.

Bob likes cheese Essay Example for Free

Bob likes cheese Essay In these pages a few years ago, I reported on some of my findings at having reached very old age. I was then in my early 90s. Five years further down the hill, I have a few more matters to note. Certainly I have not gained in wisdom, but due to so little physical activity and fewer social goings-on, I have begun to inhabit the static house of my head. To my surprise I find it a somewhat well-furnished abode, occupied with what I remember, have heard recently, and observed. Ernest Hemingway boils things down to the essentials, his friend William Faulkner lets the pot boil over, spilling onto the stove, down onto the floor, and maybe somehow catching the kitchen on fire. With Faulkner we can feel the vines tangling, the magnolias blooming, the plants around Emilys house breeding, helping to hide her from the harshness of the world she lives in, a world in which she doesnt really belong. This tangling of blooming and breeding is replicated in the fancy words and long, complicated sentences for which Faulkner is famous. Part of lushness is that other side of nature, the side we might not want to look at, and the side thats in store for everything in nature: death and decay. Faulkner never neglects this side (certainly not here), and with every blooming rose, he gives us a rotting one, too. The lushness is also ironic, and perhaps a reaction against a lack of lushness. We know that although Emilys place was probably lush and overgrown, she never went outside to enjoy it, and only rarely even let in the light from outside. The story not only celebrates a lush life, by representing its opposite, but also cautions us against alienating others, against pushing others to hide from the light of life. Next Page: Whats Up With the Title?

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement

Responsibilities in Immigration Enforcement Local, State, Federal Police and the Enforcement of Immigration Policies; Who is Responsible? ABSTRACT According to the Department of Homeland Security Office of Immigration Statistics, 10.8 million undocumented immigrants reside in the United States, but the Pew Hispanic Center (2011) estimated the total number of undocumented immigrants in the United States to be 11.2 million (American Immigration Council, 2011). The U.S. Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) employ fewer than 2000 enforcement agents responsible for the apprehension, detention, and deportation of undocumented immigrants present in the U.S. (Tonnucci, 2011). Although there are more than 18,000 law enforcement agencies within the U.S., local and state law enforcement agencies primary mission involves a multitude of public safety duties and responsibilities. Law enforcement agencies have been operating with limited resources since the national economic downturn that began in 2008. The responsibility for the enforcement of federal immigration laws on the local or state level will overburden local and state responsibilities, redistribute limited personnel to unfamiliar functions, and sever beneficial relationships established in the communities being serviced (Booth, 2006). The recommendations presented are that law enforcement officials should be able to enforce the immigration laws that are already in place and reform laws that need relevant consequences, so there will be harsher punishments for those who choose to break the law. It will also suggest that if the U.S. chooses to let productive immigrants reside in the U.S., with proper and legal documentation, then they should be afforded educational and training opportunities so they can be successful members of society. INTRODUCTION The United States is a nation comprised of citizens with immigrant origins. Everyone, except possibly Native American Indians, can trace their ancestors to some other locale. Within the past two decades, the United States has experienced high increases in immigrant populations moving to all parts of the world, including Asia and Latin America (Khashu, 2009). As of 1990, the immigration population rose from 7.9% to 11.1% in 2000 and to 12.9% in 2013. The U.S. Census Bureau reported in 2013 that the U.S. was home to nearly 40 million immigrants (American Immigration Council, 2012). Americas acceptance of immigrants has created a diverse population that has witnessed conflict and suspicion toward immigrant groups. The demographic shifts have created national debate on the immigration policies, practices, and enforcement of established laws. Local police departments and state law enforcement agencies are being pressured to share responsibility in the enforcement of the established immigr ation laws although these federal laws should be the responsibility of the federal government, alone. With immigration laws being federal statutes, the federal government determines the role of the local and state law enforcement agencies in the enforcement of their laws. Federal agencies began to face daunting tasks surrounding the apprehension, detention, and deportation of nearly twelve million immigrants during the 1990s (Khashu, 2009). The federal government launched programs and initiatives in an effort to enlist the collaboration of approximately 18,000 local and state agencies to assist in the identification and deportation of illegal immigrants (Khashu, 2009). These programs were designed to improve the communication among local, state, and federal law enforcement agencies in the sharing of detainee information. In 1996, Congress passed legislation expanding the role of local law enforcement with regards to federal immigration enforcement. The U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is the most notable program. The 287(g) Immigration and Nationality Act program is a delegation of immigration authority to local and state law enforcement agencies within their respective jurisdictions allowing the enforcement of immigration laws under a joint Memorandum of Agreement (MOA)(Khashu, 2009). The issue of illegal immigration is a major problem that plagues our nation. The negative impact that is felt is more financial than any other due to the fact that a large majority of illegal immigrants do not pay their fair share of taxes which leads to a burden on honest, domesticated taxpayers and municipal governments. Because of the lack of funding to local and state agencies, departments have been forced to evaluate and organize with a move toward the concept of being held accountable for more with less. The significance of illegal immigration to law enforcement is the impact of the unaccounted population on staff and budget planning. An example during the budget planning process may include the number of bilingual officers a department needs to recruit and retain. Regardless of the budget implications, there is a growing concern about criminal implications associated with this portion of our population. Because of this, the community policing policy being implemented throughou t the United States in law enforcement agencies details the importance of community support and assistance with crime control. Police preventative strategies have proven important in the development of community partnerships through trust and cooperation, community/police collaboration, and the relationships. Local and state law enforcement agencies sharing the responsibility of the enforcement of immigration laws through immigration enforcement duties and responsibilities elicit the effectiveness of crime control. Police leaders continue to receive pressure as the decision of enforcing federal immigration laws is weighed against local police responsibilities diverting from protection and service to arrest and deportation. Local police enforcing federal immigration laws compromise the vision, mission, and purpose of local law enforcement priorities (Khashu, 2009). As stated, the enforcement of immigration laws should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government. Both legal and illegal immigrants from countries such as Mexico, Honduras, El Salvador, and Guatemala have found a home here illegally. These countries do not value the same things as the United States, nor do they guarantee the rights of their citizens. Specifically, some of the mentioned countries, and their citizens , have misogynistic backgrounds, meaning the women are afforded little to no rights, and violence committed against them and their children, is not uncommon (Schurman-Kaulfin, 2006). POSITION In the United States, rape is considered a serious crime punishable as a felony, in the criminal justice system. In some areas of Mexico, rape is not considered a crime. If a man intends to marry a female, he can kidnap and rape her, no matter the age. Ricardo Capates is a serial rapist from Honduras who was convicted in New Jersey. He is an illegal immigrant who has been convicted of more than 20 counts of kidnapping, rape and robbery. Fedil Rodriquez, also from Honduras, is thought to have brought his hatred for women to the United States by savagely stabbing a female to death. Misogyny does not stay in their home country; it often migrates with the immigrant. If these cases of deviant behavior are not enough, consider looking at issues closer to home such as criminal street gangs. Many illegal immigrants join violent criminal gangs. According to a New American article, These gangs are highly organized with tentacles spread through several countries. (para. 5, 2011) Gangs are responsible for all types of crime that include robbery, theft, narcotics, illegal weapons, and murder. Another concern that is presenting itself is how we are dealing with this criminal element once they are caught and processed. The Immigrant Criminal Enforcement (ICE) routinely frees dangerous criminals that they cannot deport because the United States Supreme Court will not allow ICE to imprison an illegal for more than six months simply for the reason that they cannot be deported. Also, many times, ICE cannot deport because the home country is not willing to take them. Between 2001 and 2004, ICE released 27,947 criminal immigrants with 75% of them originating fro m countries that are known to be active in producing criminal elements (Colorados jails full,2011). In 2010, 127,000 immigrants from Mexico were removed from the United States because of criminal activity (U.S. Department of Homeland Security, 2010). President Donald Trump released his plan to combat illegal immigration with a ten point schematic that starts with building a wall across the southern U.S. border to be paid for by Mexico. To control this border requires manpower, barriers, and technology. Fences are being used as well as unmanned aerial vehicles and high-altitude surveillance drones to fight the influx of illegal crossings by land, sea, and air. Another point is any illegal immigrant caught in the country for committing a crime will be held by way of preventive detention until that person is deported, even though the U.S. Supreme Court states otherwise. The creation of a deportation task force with the sole purpose of locating illegal immigrants who are committing crime or using governmental benefits illegally is another point in the Presidents plan. The use of the Federal Government to discipline cities, also known as sanctuary cities that create laws to protect undocumented aliens, will also be a point of contenti on. The cancellation of President Obamas Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals immigration policy, better known as DACA, is another point of action. Roughly half a million young people brought to the U.S. as children have received temporary legal status. President Trump would also cancel President Obamas DAPA program or Deferred Action for Parents of Americans, which would give similar status to undocumented parents of American citizens. President Trump will block immigration from countries where vetting is not possible such as Syria and Libya. The next point in the immigration policy is the opportunity to force countries to take back the immigrants that the U.S. does not want. The establishment of a biometric visa scanning system to identify immigrants through fingerprint or retinal scan, only when entering the country, is on the agenda. The President would like to strengthen the E-Verify system to disallow illegal immigrants from finding work in this country. The final point that Pres ident Trump would like to implement is the lowering of the legal immigrant cap to respectable norms. A small percentage of the U.S. total population would be allowed for legal, documented immigrants. There are significant costs imposed on the citizens of the United States by the imposition of illegal immigrants. These costs are prevalent on many governmental levels and range from education to welfare to medical care to criminal justice and beyond (Edwards, 2010). The Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) showed that illegal immigrants cost the taxpayers of the U.S. around $113 billion yearly. The federal governments share is approximately $29 billion, while state and local governments incur more than $84 billion per year with 56% of welfare usage directed toward immigrant families (Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts, 2011). Welfare is defined by programs such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for low income families, the elderly, and disabled; Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF); Women, Infant and Children (WIC) food program; free or reduced lunches; food stamps, which are also known as the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; Medicaid or h ealth insurance for low income persons; public housing; and rent subsidies (Camarota, 2011). The two main reasons for the high number of immigrants that use these programs are that education is very low for the illegal immigrant-headed households and because there is often just one worker in the household (Camarota, 2011). According to the Federation of American Immigration reform, immigrant criminal behavior costs the federal government approximately $7.8 billion annually between police, court, and prison expenses (Colorados jails full, 2011). Edwards (2010) states, some proponents for illegal immigrants assert that illegals do pay taxes. Not only the FAIR study, but any honest analysis shows that illegal aliens do not come close to paying their fair share of taxes (para. 8). Federal taxes paid by illegal aliens amount to about $9.6 billion annually (Edwards, 2010). The FAIR report further stated illegals contribute just $3.96 billion a year to state and local coffers. Thats eclipsed several times over by the $84 billion illegals collect through state and local public services. ( para.8) Camarota (2011) explained that having tax liability does not mean that the household would actually have to pay federal taxes. Federal and state taxes, through employment, are where funds come from in order to pay for welfare programs and federal and state run jails or prisons. The case of Brown v. Plata in 2011identified the Supreme Court ruling that the prisoners of a California prison were having their eighth amendment rights violated because the overcrowding was seen as cruel and unusual punishment. The court forced California to create room by releasing 46,000 of their 140,000 inmates back into society. It would seem simple to just send the prisoners back over the border; however, the federal government argued that immigration enforcement is not a state issue but a federal one; yet they expect the State of California to pay the bill. By definition, illegal immigrants are performing criminal activity just by being in the U.S. without being documented. Of those undocumented criminals, the immigrants that have been convicted of unrelated crimes at the state level not only have no right to be in this country but have abused the privilege of being here. In order to get jobs, benefits, or even a drivers license, one must possess some sort of identification. Those forms of identification include a birth certificate, social security card, drivers license, or passport. If a person is illegal and has no form of identification, it is difficult to acquire such documentation. However, there are people and organizations that sell these kinds of documents. The U.S. Department of Homeland Security released a fact sheet that stated from 2006 to 2010, the DHS Fraud Department generated 1,871 indictments, 2,251 criminal arrests, and 1,643 felony convictions for the manufacturing, sale, or use of counterfeit documents (Fact sheet, 2010). The Obama Administration attempted to expand an effort to check the 300,000 to 450,000 incarcerated illegal aliens in jails around the country. The Secure Communities program allows law enforcement officials to match fingerprints against federal immigration databases so those in the United States without authorization will face deportation when they complete their jail terms (Kingsbury, 2009). In 2016, only 3,000 had their immigration status checked. As with any controversial issue, there will be critics who complicate the matter and criticize the way a process works. In this circumstance, critics contend that the program will lead to racial profiling. A coalition of immigration rights groups wrote the House Speaker and explained that the program creates an incentive for police to arrest people on pre-textual or minor crimes so that their immigration status can be checked (Kingbury, 2009). The concern is making sure that people have access to counsel or are advised of their rights.(2 008, para 10) Strohm went on to say, sometimes people are pressured into signing away their rights by basically stipulating that they are removable from the United States. (para.10) COUNTER POSITION Proponents of law enforcement agencies abstaining from enforcing federal immigration laws believe economical advantages which stimulate the United States economy as important in the decision of not placing more stern restrictions on illegal immigrants. The American Immigration Council (2011c) reported that immigrants play a crucial role in the U.S. economy as workers, entrepreneurs, taxpayers and consumers. Immigrant workers add to the amount of workers in the United States which increases the size of the economy and increases the nations gross domestic product (GDP). Immigrants are at the top and the bottom of the educational scale which balances out due to Americans being in the center. This inequality depicts immigrants and U.S. workers complementing one another which spurs the economic growth (American Immigration Council, 2010). Immigration has the ability of pushing Americans toward better paying jobs, enhancing production, and creating jobs for the economy. Americans and immig rants have different levels of education which prevent them from competing in the same job markets. For example, a study conducted by the Fiscal Policy Institute examined the top 25 metropolitan areas in the U.S., and determined that the economic growth of metropolitan areas and growth in the immigrant proportion of the workforce were closely linked together. Although economists estimate that the overall benefit of immigration is small, there is a positive impact in the nations economy (American Immigration Council, 2012). The National Academy of Sciences concluded that immigration helps replenish the U.S. talent pool as baby boomers retire from the science and engineering labor force. Immigrants also contribute to U.S. innovation and growth. For example, the Partnership for a New American Economy found that more than 40% of the 2010 Fortune 500 companies were established by immigrants or their children. Kraft Foods, Nordstrom, RadioShack, Cigna and General Dynamics are included references having immigrant founders. These companies have combined revenues of $4.2 trillion dollars and employ more than 10 million individuals across the world (American Immigration Council, 2011b). According to the American Immigration Council (2012), illegal immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy, and the country would lose $551.6 billion dollars in economic activity if all illegal immigrants were removed from the United States. This amount would equate to a loss of $245 billion in gross domestic product and an estimate d 2.8 million jobs. President Donald Trumps immigration plan implies statements that abstain from certain facts. President Trump says he wants to end birthright citizenship, indicating that it remains the biggest magnet for illegal immigration. Birthright citizenship refers to the fact that a child born on U.S. soil is a U.S. citizen, even though both of the parents are illegal. Because the parents arent citizens, they cant be issued a green card by their child until they are 21. Indications are that jobs and housing opportunities are the biggest reason for those coming to the U.S. illegally. Immigrants didnt state that birthright was the reason for coming to the U.S. instead; a majority claimed jobs brought them to the United States and the remaining correspondents cited family reasons. President Trumps plan states the cost on the U.S. for illegal immigration from Mexico is extraordinary. Taxpayers pick up billions of dollars in healthcare, housing, education, and welfare costs. However, studies have d etermined a small impact of illegal immigration on state and local budgets, and a positive impact on the federal budget. The Trump immigration plan claims that there are three million immigrants imprisoned due to arrests. Actually the number is 1.7 million and includes non convictions. About a third of those offenses were immigration offenses (529,859) and traffic violations (404,788). President Trump said that unless Mexico pays for the wall across the southern border, he would increase fees on border crossing cards issued to Mexicans. Border crossing cards are valid for ten years after issuance, except for children under 15.These are the same as a visitors visa and are issued to those with Mexican citizenship and residency, a Mexican passport, and ties to Mexico that would make them want to return to Mexico. CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION As anyone can see, illegal immigration is a very controversial issue. There are advantages and disadvantages to both sides of the debate. There is a definite harm that comes from illegal immigrants, namely crimes that are committed against persons/properties by these immigrants. The crime rate is high enough in the United States without allowing the borders to be unsecured to illegal immigrants who cross them to commit heinous crimes. All crime cannot be blamed on immigrants, but they are a part of the problem. American jails are already overcrowded, and they are being asked to house more prisoners because of the influx of illegal immigrants. The United States spends billions of dollars every year dealing with this issue and the economy is already very unstable. There is also a humanitarian side of the issue. Some illegal immigrants have worked hard for little pay for many years and have committed only the crime of trying to feed their family. Nevertheless, they have still committed a crime by not getting the necessary paperwork or by being in possession of fraudulent documents to obtain work or services, while here illegally. With the weakening of American families through high divorce rates and one parent families, further deterioration of the family unit is not needed. Losing a breadwinner or a caregiver from a family is devastating, more so when living below the poverty level and have very little outside support to begin with. Local and state law enforcement agencies should refrain from the enforcement of federal immigration laws. Immigration enforcement should remain the sole responsibility of the federal government in an effort to prevent further complications of the overflowing duties surrounding the mission of crime reduction (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Overall, law enforcement executives have chosen to take a careful and balanced approach in responding to pressures of immigration enforcement on a local and state level showing the significance in maintaining community support (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Khashu (2009) denoted the primary issue regarding immigration enforcement is Congress failing to develop comprehensive immigration reform legislation which would have provided a national solution to the issue. The State of Arizona passed SB 1070 in 2010 that addressed immigration enforcement on the local level and expanded the authority of local law enforcement regarding federal immigration laws. The constitutionality of this legislation was challenged in federal court and sparked debates regarding the issue on all levels (Hoffmaster, Murphy, McFadden Griswold, 2010). Essentially, this unresolved issue has prompted local and state law enforcement agencies to intensify the enforcement of immigration laws, prohibit undocumented immigrant access to government benefits and services, violate the civil right of documented and undocumented immigrants, as well as penalize employers found hiring undocumented immigrants (Khashu, 2009). International and national public safety issues are complex and are apparently forced to be the primary focus of local and state law enforcement agencies. Immigration enforcement on those levels has shifted their primary focus from protecting and serving the public to apprehending and deporting undocumented immigrants within the communities they serve. A shift in focus of this can define the relationship between the police and the public. Many of these relationships took years to establish and will take extreme effort to maintain by continuing to build trust and obtain the confidence of the public. Undocumented immigrants reside in communities across the U.S. and assist the local and state police in resolving crime problems through collaboration, support, and cooperation on behalf of community members. Khashu (2009) explained how police executives continue to urge the federal government to enact comprehensive immigration reform in an effort to thwart relentless consequences on cities and towns throughout the U.S. who have difficulty addressing immigration concerns effectively. Police executives are working to develop policies and solutions that are most advantageous for their respective jurisdictions. Ultimately, the duty of public safety organizations is to provide protection to all residents in their communities regardless of their status as an undocumented or documented immigrant. Although federal reform immigration statutes remain absent, police leaders are working to establish and implement practical policies that are fair and capable of maintaining the trust of all segments of the community (Hoffmaster, Murphy, Mcfadden Griswold, 2010). Recently President Trump mentioned the installation of 150,000 National Guardsmen throughout the country with the sole purpose of the locating and deporting undocumented immigrants that are wanted by local and state agencies. This is a positive action as long as it remains the action of the federal government and not another responsibility of local and state agencies. There is already enough on their plates. REFERENCES American Immigration Council (2010). Strength in diversity: The economic and political clout of immigrants, Latinos, and Asians.Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/strength-diversity-economic-and-political-power-immigrants-latinos-and-asians American Immigration Council (2011a). Fiscally irresponsible: Immigration enforcement without reform wastes taxpayer dollars. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/fiscally-irresponsible-immigration-enforcement-without-reform-wastes-taxpayer-dollars American Immigration Council (2011b). Rebooting the American dream: The role of immigration in a 21st century economy. Immigration Policy Center. American Immigration Council (2011c). Unauthorized immigrants pay taxes, too.Immigration Policy Center. http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/unauthorized-immigrants-pay-taxes-too American Immigration Council (2012). Value added: Immigrants create jobs and businesses, boost wages of native-born workers. Immigration Policy Center. Retrieved from http://www.immigrationpolicy.org/print/just-facts/value-added-immigrants-create-jobs-and-businesses-boost-wages-native-born-workers. Booth, D. (2006). Federalism on ICE: State and local enforcement of federal Immigration law. Harvard Journal of Law and Public Policy, 29  (3), 1063-1083. Camarota, S. A.(2011, April). Welfare use by immigrant households with children. Retrieved from http://cis.org/immigrant-welfare-use-2011 Colorados jails full of illegal aliens.(2011, July 4).New American,27(13), 7.   Deport Californias illegal-alien convicts. (2011, May 24).The Washington Times. Retrieved from http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/24/deport-californias-illegal-alien-convicts/ Edwards, J.R. (2010, September 6). Enforcing immigration laws would save taxpayers millions. Human Events,66 (31), 1-9. Fact sheet: Document and benefit fraud task forces.(2010, February24). Retrieved April 15, 2012, from http://www.ice.gov/news/library/factsheets/doc-bene-fraud.htm Hoffmaster, D., Murphy, G., McFadden, S., Griswold, M. (2010).  Police and immigration: How chiefs are leading their communities through the challenges. Washington, DC:Police Executive Research Foundation. Khashu, A. (2009).The role of local police: Striking a balance between immigration enforcement and civil liberties. Washington, DC: The Police Foundation. Kingsbury, A. (2009, May 22). Illegal immigrant criminal crackdown. U.S. News, 1(18),8.Pew Hispanic Center (2011) Schurman-Kauflin, D. (2006). Importing violence: The danger of immigration from violent cultures [Essay]. Atlanta, GA:  Violent Crimes Institute, LCC. Strohm, C. (2008, October 27). DHS launches program to find illegal immigrants in jails. CongressDaily, 11. Tonucci, C. (2011, Spring). Legalizing the immigration posse. National Lawyers Guild Review, 68(1), 1-31. U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2011).Yearbook of immigration statistics: 2010.Retrieved from  http://www.dhs.gov/xlibrary/assets/statistics/yearbook/2010/ois_yb_2010.pdf

Visual Prostheses and the Retinal Implant Project :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Visual Prostheses and the Retinal Implant Project Visual percepts are the final product of a rich interplay of stimulus processing that occurs without the intervention of one's consciousness. While this is a fascinating issue to consider, especially as it pertains to the philosophical and practical definitions of ideas like the "self," the converse is equally interesting to me. In this modern era of exploding technological ingenuity, the sum of which is a product of the conscious brain, increasingly more opportunities exist for the brain to design the input it receives. One method by which this occurs is observable in the treatment of visual pathologies. A development of particular interest to me is the use of visual prosthetic devices in the treatment of some forms of progressive blindness. Research in this area raises numerous conflicts within the realm of bioengineering, but promises, at least, to challenge the boundaries of current microtechnology and instigate further integration of the rapidly expanding fields of electronics a nd medicine. In 1988, a multidisciplinary research team called the "Retinal Implant Project," spanning the knowledge bases of Harvard Medical School, the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, was formed with the explicit goal of creating an intraocular retinal prosthetic device to combat the effects of certain types of progressive blindness (4). The prostheses are intended to stimulate retinal ganglion cells whose associated photoreceptor cells have fallen victim to degradation by macular degeneration or retinitis pigmentosa, two currently incurable but widespread conditions (2). Their most recent work has been to orchestrate short-term clinical trials in which blind volunteers receive a temporary intraocular prosthetic implant and undergo a series of tests to determine the quality of visual percepts experienced over a two- to three-hour period (2). The leaders of the Retinal Implant Project, while enthusiastic about their progress, do not anticipate the realization of a workable prosthetic within the next five years (2). The goal of retinal prosthetic proposed by the collaborators is to bypass degenerate photoreceptors by providing electrical stimulation directly to the underlying ganglion cells (2,3,4,5). The ganglion cell axons compose the optic nerve, which travels from the eye and terminates in various regions of the brain, where the combined input is processed along multiple routes and ultimately results in the experience of sight (4). Ganglion cell excitation will be accomplished by attaching a two-silicon-microchip system onto the surface of the retina, which will be powered by a specially designed laser mounted on a pair of glasses worn by the patient (4,5).

Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays

While Capital Punishment has been one of the most feared things of our time, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death Penalty is being enforced in more than 100 countries in the world and are usually used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in many countries throughout the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is "cruel and unusual punishment" which is a direct violation to the Bill of Rights. Capital Punishment is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when you had no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions have no place in our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout it's years of existence, has always been against the views of the people, either because of it's brutality or because of it's lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been opposed by the people since the beginning of it's era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court declared that the death penalty was not against the Constitution. But if read directly the Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution "prohibits cruel and unusual punishments" and not only that but abolitionists also think that Capital Punishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did a poll which ensured that there was "no support for the view that the death penalty provides a more effective deterrent to police homicides than alternative sanctions. Not for a single year was evidence found that police are safer in jurisdictions that provide for capital punishment" The highest homicide rates were also in Death Penalty states with executions: 9.7 homicides per 100,000 people... ...of the crime committed by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. Capital Punishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, it cheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also believe that "the state is a teacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the "barbaric practice of execution has been abolished in most major industrial countries, even in south Africa, so can the United States ("Death"2). "An execution is a dramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches the permissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possible example to set for society" Will society put money into schools, rehabilitation, community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons and more victims? The death penalty is no solution to violence. Capital Punishment is Not an Effective Crime Deterrent Essay -- essays While Capital Punishment has been one of the most feared things of our time, it is still being questioned if it is unconstitutional. The Death Penalty is being enforced in more than 100 countries in the world and are usually used in politically-related cases. Although it has been the case in many countries throughout the world it has been said that the Death Penalty is "cruel and unusual punishment" which is a direct violation to the Bill of Rights. Capital Punishment is a certain copy of the earliest days of slavery, when you had no rights or any different opinion, and like then, executions have no place in our civilized society. The Death Penalty, throughout it's years of existence, has always been against the views of the people, either because of it's brutality or because of it's lack of effectiveness. The Death Penalty has been opposed by the people since the beginning of it's era, which was around 1976, when the United States Supreme Court declared that the death penalty was not against the Constitution. But if read directly the Eight Amendment of the U.S. Constitution "prohibits cruel and unusual punishments" and not only that but abolitionists also think that Capital Punishment ensures Americans equality for all . The abolitionists also did a poll which ensured that there was "no support for the view that the death penalty provides a more effective deterrent to police homicides than alternative sanctions. Not for a single year was evidence found that police are safer in jurisdictions that provide for capital punishment" The highest homicide rates were also in Death Penalty states with executions: 9.7 homicides per 100,000 people... ...of the crime committed by the convicted person because it is judicial murder. Capital Punishment is a brutal act that does not enhance respect for human life, it cheapens and degrades it . Abolitionists also believe that "the state is a teacher and when it kills, it teaches vengeance and hatred. If the "barbaric practice of execution has been abolished in most major industrial countries, even in south Africa, so can the United States ("Death"2). "An execution is a dramatic, public spectacle of official, violent homicide that teaches the permissibility of killing people to solve social problems--the worst possible example to set for society" Will society put money into schools, rehabilitation, community services, and jobs, or will it bankrupt itself with more prisons and more victims? The death penalty is no solution to violence.